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Environment and Natural Resources

NCERT Class 12 · Political Science Based on NCERT Class 12 Political Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter examines the growing significance of environmental and resource issues in world politics. It analyzes environmental movements from the 1960s onwards, the concept of global commons, common property resources, and the geopolitics of resource competition. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that environmental degradation and resource scarcity are deeply political issues involving power, inequality, and the North-South divide, requiring global cooperation and the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'.
Key Concepts (18)
Global Commons
Areas or regions of the world located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state, requiring common governance by the international community; also known as res communis humanitatis.
e.g. Antarctica, the Earth's atmosphere, the ocean floor, and outer space are all global commons.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
The principle accepted in the Rio Declaration (1992) stating that states have common responsibilities to protect the environment, but developed countries bear greater responsibility because they have contributed more to global environmental degradation and have more technological and financial resources.
e.g. India and China were exempted from Kyoto Protocol emission targets because their historical emissions were low, while developed countries had to cut emissions.
Earth Summit (Rio Summit)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, attended by 170 states, thousands of NGOs, and many MNCs, which firmly consolidated environmental issues at the centre-stage of global politics.
e.g. The Earth Summit produced conventions on climate change, biodiversity, forestry, and Agenda 21.
Sustainable Development
An approach to development that combines economic growth with ecological responsibility, as recommended by the Brundtland Report (1987) and the Rio Summit.
e.g. Using renewable energy sources like solar or wind power to meet energy needs without depleting resources for future generations.
Agenda 21
A list of development practices recommended at the Rio Summit, though critics argue it was biased in favour of economic growth rather than ecological conservation.
e.g. Agenda 21 included guidelines for sustainable agriculture, forest management, and pollution control.
Brundtland Report (Our Common Future)
A 1987 report that warned traditional patterns of economic growth were not sustainable in the long term, especially given the demands of the South for further industrial development.
e.g. The report coined the term 'sustainable development' and influenced the Rio Summit.
Kyoto Protocol
An international agreement (1997, Kyoto, Japan) setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, based on principles set out in UNFCCC.
e.g. India and China were exempt from Kyoto targets because their historical emissions were low.
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
A 1992 convention that provides that parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
e.g. The UNFCCC acknowledged that developed countries are responsible for most historical and current greenhouse gas emissions.
Common Property Resources
Resources that are common property for a group, where members have both rights and duties with respect to the nature, levels of use, and maintenance of the resource.
e.g. Sacred groves in India, traditionally managed by village communities, are common property resources.
Sacred Groves
Parcels of uncut forest vegetation preserved in the name of deities or natural or ancestral spirits, exemplifying community-based resource management and common property regimes.
e.g. Along the forest belt of South India, sacred groves have been traditionally managed by village communities.
Resource Geopolitics
The study of who gets what, when, where, and how in terms of natural resources, involving trade, war, power, and inter-state rivalry.
e.g. Oil in West Asia and Central Asia has been a key focus of global strategic thinking and conflict.
Indigenous Peoples
Descendants of peoples who inhabited a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived and overcame them; they live more in conformity with their own customs and traditions.
e.g. Scheduled Tribes in India, who constitute nearly eight per cent of the population, are considered indigenous peoples.
Environmental Movements
Groups of environmentally conscious volunteers working at local or international levels to address environmental degradation, often raising new ideas and long-term visions.
e.g. The Narmada Bachao Andolan in India is an anti-dam, pro-river movement that uses non-violence as its core strategy.
Global North
Rich and developed countries of the First World, concerned primarily with ozone depletion and global warming.
e.g. The United States and European countries are part of the Global North.
Global South
Poor and developing countries of the Third World, anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management.
e.g. India, Brazil, and China are part of the Global South.
Montreal Protocol (1987)
A path-breaking international agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
e.g. The Montreal Protocol is considered a successful example of global cooperation on environmental issues.
Antarctic Treaty (1959)
An agreement limiting activities in Antarctica to scientific research, fishing, and tourism, and establishing special regional rules for environmental protection.
e.g. The treaty prevents military activity and mining in Antarctica.
World Council of Indigenous Peoples
Formed in 1975, it became the first of 11 indigenous NGOs to receive consultative status in the UN, representing indigenous voices globally.
e.g. The Council helped raise awareness of indigenous rights in international forums.
How It Works
Evolution of Environmental Concerns in Global Politics
  1. 1960s onwards: Environmental consequences of economic growth acquire political character.
  2. 1972: Club of Rome publishes 'Limits to Growth', dramatising potential depletion of Earth's resources.
  3. 1987: Brundtland Report 'Our Common Future' warns traditional growth is unsustainable.
  4. 1992: Earth Summit (Rio) consolidates environmental issues at centre-stage of global politics.
  5. 1997: Kyoto Protocol sets emission targets for industrialised countries.
  6. 2016: India ratifies Paris Climate Agreement.
💡 The Earth Summit (1992) is the turning point that brought environmental issues to the centre-stage of global politics.
Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
  1. Developed countries (North) want everyone equally responsible for ecological conservation.
  2. Developing countries (South) argue they have caused less degradation and need to industrialise.
  3. Rio Declaration (1992) accepts that states have common but differentiated responsibilities.
  4. Developed countries acknowledge greater responsibility due to their historical emissions and resources.
  5. UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol exempt developing countries from binding emission cuts.
💡 The principle is based on historical responsibility: developed countries caused most past emissions, so they must do more now.
Management of Global Commons
  1. Identify areas outside sovereign jurisdiction (atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor, outer space).
  2. Achieve international cooperation through treaties (e.g., Antarctic Treaty 1959, Montreal Protocol 1987).
  3. Address North-South inequalities in technology and industrial development.
  4. Ensure benefits of exploitation are shared equitably for present and future generations.
💡 Global commons are not owned by any state; managing them requires consensus, which is difficult due to vague scientific evidence and time frames.
India's Stand on Environmental Issues
  1. India signed and ratified Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
  2. India argues per capita emissions of developing countries are tiny fraction of developed world.
  3. India relies on principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and historical responsibility.
  4. India opposes binding commitments on rapidly industrialising countries like itself.
  5. India participates through National Auto-fuel Policy, Energy Conservation Act (2001), Electricity Act (2003), and National Mission on Biodiesel.
  6. India ratified Paris Climate Agreement on 2 October 2016.
  7. India demands developed countries provide financial resources and clean technologies.
💡 India's stand is that economic and social development are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries.
Resource Geopolitics: Oil and Water
  1. Oil: West Asia (Gulf) has 64% of known reserves; Saudi Arabia has 25% of world total.
  2. Oil is crucial for global economy; history of petroleum is history of war and struggle.
  3. Water: Regional variations and scarcity lead to potential 'water wars'.
  4. Downstream states object to pollution, excessive irrigation, or dams by upstream states.
  5. Examples: Israel-Syria-Jordan water disputes (1950s-60s), Turkey-Syria-Iraq Euphrates dam disputes.
💡 Oil remains the most important resource in global strategy; water is a leading source of potential 21st-century conflicts.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing 'Global Commons' with 'Common Property Resources'
✗ Global commons are resources owned by a community, like sacred groves.
→ Global commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction of any state (e.g., Antarctica, atmosphere), while common property resources are owned and managed by a specific group or community (e.g., village sacred groves).
✓ Global commons are areas like Antarctica and the atmosphere that belong to no single state and require international governance; common property resources are shared by a specific community with defined rights and duties.
⚠ Thinking the Earth Summit (1992) was the first environmental conference
✗ The Earth Summit was the first international conference on the environment.
→ Environmental concerns have a long history; the Earth Summit consolidated issues at centre-stage, but earlier conferences and reports (e.g., Brundtland Report 1987, Club of Rome 1972) existed.
✓ The Earth Summit (1992) firmly consolidated environmental issues at the centre-stage of global politics, building on earlier efforts like the Brundtland Report (1987).
⚠ Misunderstanding 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities' as equal responsibility
✗ All countries have the same responsibility to protect the environment.
→ The principle explicitly states that developed countries bear greater responsibility because they contributed more to historical degradation and have more resources.
✓ Common but differentiated responsibilities means all states share the goal of environmental protection, but developed countries must take greater action due to their larger historical emissions and greater financial and technological capacity.
⚠ Assuming India opposes all climate action
✗ India does nothing to address climate change and refuses to participate.
→ India has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, implemented National Auto-fuel Policy, Energy Conservation Act (2001), Electricity Act (2003), and has one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.
✓ India participates in global climate efforts but insists on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, arguing that developed countries must take the lead and provide financial and technological support.
⚠ Thinking 'Sustainable Development' means no economic growth
✗ Sustainable development means stopping all economic activity to save the environment.
→ Sustainable development combines economic growth with ecological responsibility, not a halt to growth.
✓ Sustainable development is an approach that integrates economic growth with ecological responsibility, ensuring that present needs are met without compromising future generations.
Compare & Contrast
Ownership and governance
Global Commons
Common Property Resources
Global commons (e.g., Antarctica, atmosphere) are outside any state's jurisdiction and require international governance; common property resources (e.g., sacred groves) are owned and managed by a specific community with defined rights and duties.
Environmental priorities
Global North
Global South
The Global North (developed countries) is primarily concerned with ozone depletion and global warming; the Global South (developing countries) focuses on the relationship between economic development and environmental management.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2-3 MCQs (1 mark each), 1-2 Short Answer questions (3 marks each), 1 Long Answer question (5 marks) — total approximately 10-12 marks.
Most asked: Global Commons and their management · Common but Differentiated Responsibilities · Earth Summit (1992) and its outcomes · Kyoto Protocol and India's stand · Resource Geopolitics (oil and water) · Environmental Movements (Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement)
Don't skip: Explain the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' with examples.; What are global commons? Discuss the challenges in their management.; Analyse India's stand on environmental issues in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.; Discuss the geopolitics of oil and water as resources.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. The Earth Summit (1992) in Rio de Janeiro consolidated environmental issues at the centre-stage of global politics.
  2. Global commons are areas outside sovereign jurisdiction: atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor, and outer space.
  3. Common but differentiated responsibilities means developed countries bear greater responsibility for environmental degradation due to their historical emissions and resources.
  4. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) set emission targets for industrialised countries, exempting developing nations like India and China.
  5. India ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016.
  6. India's stand relies on historical responsibility and the principle that economic development is the first priority of developing countries.
  7. Sacred groves in India are common property resources traditionally managed by village communities.
  8. Resource geopolitics focuses on who gets what, when, where, and how — especially oil and water.
  9. West Asia holds 64% of known oil reserves; Saudi Arabia has a quarter of the world's total.
  10. Water scarcity may lead to 'water wars' between upstream and downstream states sharing rivers.
  11. Environmental movements like Narmada Bachao Andolan use non-violence as a core strategy.
  12. Indigenous peoples, including Scheduled Tribes in India, have lost land and resources due to development projects.
  13. The Brundtland Report (1987) warned that traditional economic growth is not sustainable.
  14. Agenda 21 from the Rio Summit recommended sustainable development practices but was criticised as pro-growth.
  15. The Montreal Protocol (1987) is a successful example of global cooperation to protect the ozone layer.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. What is the primary focus of the Brundtland Report 1987?

  • A. Traditional patterns of economic growth are unsustainable long-term, especially given the South's demand for further industrialisation ✓
  • B. Developed nations should stop all industrial production to protect the environment
  • C. The North and South should equally share global resources without development
  • D. Environmental issues are only geographical, not political matters

Answer: A — The Brundtland Report specifically warned that traditional economic growth patterns were not sustainable in long-term view, especially considering Third World nations' desire for industrial development.

Q2. According to the Human Development Report 2016, how many people in developing countries lack access to safe water?

  • A. 250 million
  • B. 450 million
  • C. 663 million ✓
  • D. 800 million

Answer: C — The study material explicitly states that 663 million people in developing countries have no access to safe water, and 2.4 billion have no access to sanitation.

Q3. The Earth Summit was held in which year and location?

  • A. 1987 in Stockholm
  • B. 1992 in Rio de Janeiro ✓
  • C. 1995 in New York
  • D. 2002 in Johannesburg

Answer: B — The chapter clearly states the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) was held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Q4. Which think tank published 'Limits to Growth' in 1972?

  • A. Worldwatch Institute
  • B. Club of Rome ✓
  • C. Stockholm Environmental Institute
  • D. Greenpeace Foundation

Answer: B — The Club of Rome, a global think tank, published 'Limits to Growth' in 1972, dramatising the potential depletion of Earth's resources against rapidly growing world population.

Q5. What major disagreement existed between developed and developing nations at the Rio Summit?

  • A. Whether environment should be discussed in politics at all
  • B. The North prioritised ozone depletion and global warming; the South wanted to link development with environmental management ✓
  • C. Developing nations wanted to stop all industrial growth immediately
  • D. Developed nations agreed to pay all environmental costs of the South

Answer: B — The chapter explicitly states that Northern states were concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, while Southern states wanted to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management.

Q6. Define 'global commons' in the context of international politics.

  • A. Resources owned equally by all developed nations
  • B. Areas or regions outside any single state's jurisdiction requiring common international governance ✓
  • C. Shared resources only among European nations
  • D. Common military zones controlled by the United Nations

Answer: B — Global commons (res communis humanitatis) are areas or regions located outside any single state's sovereign jurisdiction and therefore require common governance by the international community.

Q7. What term describes balancing economic growth with ecological responsibility?

  • A. Green growth
  • B. Ecological conservation
  • C. Sustainable development ✓
  • D. Environmental protection

Answer: C — Sustainable development is the approach combining economic growth with ecological responsibility, which became the consensus at the Rio Summit.

Q8. Assertion: Environmental issues are not political in nature. Reason: Environmental degradation results from natural phenomena studied in geography, not political decisions.

  • A. Both assertion and reason are correct
  • B. Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect
  • C. Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct
  • D. Both assertion and reason are incorrect ✓

Answer: D — Environmental issues are deeply political because they involve decisions about who causes degradation, who pays the price, and who takes corrective action — all questions of power distribution.

Q9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a major environmental problem in the chapter?

  • A. Ozone depletion in the Earth's stratosphere
  • B. Over-harvesting of fisheries and water body depletion
  • C. Soil acidification from urban industrial waste ✓
  • D. Coastal pollution from land-based activities

Answer: C — While water depletion, fisheries over-harvesting, ozone depletion, and coastal pollution are explicitly mentioned, soil acidification is not discussed in the provided chapter excerpt.

Q10. The Aral Sea case study demonstrates that environmental degradation leads to: (i) Economic collapse of fishing and shipping industries (ii) Agricultural failure due to saline soil (iii) Mass displacement of local populations. Which statements are correct?

  • A. Only (i) is correct
  • B. Only (i) and (ii) are correct
  • C. All three statements (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct ✓
  • D. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct

Answer: C — The Aral Sea example in the chapter illustrates all three consequences: fishing and shipping industries collapsed, crop yields fell due to salty soil, and thousands had to leave their homes.

Flashcards

What are global commons?

Areas or resources outside any single state's jurisdiction that require international governance, like oceans and atmosphere.

Define sustainable development.

Economic growth combined with ecological responsibility to ensure long-term environmental viability.

When was the Earth Summit held and where?

June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, attended by 170 states, NGOs, and corporations.

What does the Brundtland Report argue?

Traditional patterns of economic growth are unsustainable long-term, especially given the South's demand for further industrialisation.

Name the think tank that published 'Limits to Growth' in 1972.

The Club of Rome, which dramatised potential depletion of Earth's resources against rapidly growing world population.

What was the major North-South disagreement at Rio Summit?

The global North prioritised ozone depletion and global warming; the global South wanted to address development-environment links.

What are the three main environmental problems mentioned in the chapter?

Water depletion and pollution, biodiversity loss through deforestation, and ozone depletion plus coastal pollution.

Why are environmental issues considered political questions?

Because they raise questions of power: who causes degradation, who pays the price, and who is responsible for action.

What is Agenda 21?

A list of sustainable development practices recommended by the Rio Summit to combine economic growth with ecological responsibility.

How many people in developing countries lack access to safe water according to the UNDP 2016 report?

663 million people have no access to safe water, and 2.4 billion lack access to sanitation.

Important Board Questions

Define 'global commons' and give one example. [2 marks]

State that global commons are resources/areas outside any state's jurisdiction requiring international governance; example: oceans, atmosphere, Antarctica, or international rivers.

Why are environmental issues considered political in nature? Explain with one example from the chapter. [4 marks]

Explain three reasons: (1) raises power questions about who causes degradation, (2) no single government can solve alone, (3) requires redistribution of rights to use resources. Use example like water access inequality or Aral Sea displacement to show how environmental issues affect government policy and power dynamics.

Analyse the North-South divide on environmental issues as revealed at the 1992 Rio Summit. What were the main differences in their environmental agendas and why did this create tension? [6 marks]

Identify three key points: (1) North focused on ozone depletion and global warming; South on linking development to environment, (2) explain North already industrialised, can afford environmental concerns; South needs growth for poverty reduction, (3) show disagreement over sustainable development implementation in Agenda 21. Use Brundtland Report context: traditional growth unsustainable but South demands further industrialisation.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Environment and Natural Resources

Q1. Assertion (A):

Environmental issues must be addressed as part of world politics because no single government can solve them fully.

Reason (R):

Environmental degradation raises questions about who wields power over resources, who causes the degradation, and who is responsible for corrective action.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both statements are true and directly related. The reason explains why environmental issues require world politics engagement—they involve fundamental power distribution questions that transcend national boundaries. This causal connection makes the reason the correct explanation of the assertion.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The Rio Earth Summit in 1992 achieved a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility, termed sustainable development.

Reason (R):

The summit successfully resolved all differences between rich and poor countries regarding environmental management.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—sustainable development was indeed the consensus approach at Rio. However, the reason is false because the chapter explicitly states that the summit 'left unresolved considerable differences and difficulties' between North and South. Both parts are technically true statements, but the reason does not explain why sustainable development became the consensus approach; instead, it incorrectly suggests all differences were resolved.

Q3. Assertion (A):

The Brundtland Report (1987) warned that traditional patterns of economic growth were unsustainable in the long term.

Reason (R):

The report emphasized the demands of the South for further industrial development as a factor making traditional growth patterns unsustainable.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion. The chapter specifically notes that the report warned about unsustainability 'especially in view of the demands of the South for further industrial development.' This creates a genuine tension that makes traditional growth patterns unsustainable.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Environment and Natural Resources

Case Study:

The Aral Sea crisis is one of the world's worst environmental disasters. Thousands of people have been forced to leave their homes as toxic waters destroyed the fishing industry completely. Shipping and related economic activities have collapsed. Rising salt concentrations in the soil have caused crop yields to plummet. The environmental degradation has created immense human suffering, with locals joking darkly that if every researcher who came to study the problem had brought a bucket of water, the sea would be replenished by now. This case illustrates how environmental destruction has profound political and economic consequences affecting millions of lives.

Q1. Which aspect of the Aral Sea crisis best demonstrates that environmental issues are 'deeply political' as discussed in the chapter?

  • A. The crisis involves only natural geographic phenomena with no political dimension
  • B. The displacement of people and collapse of economic activities raise questions about who is responsible and who bears the costs—core political questions about power ✓
  • C. Environmental issues can be solved by individual nations without international cooperation
  • D. The crisis proves that industrial development should be completely halted

Answer: B

Q2. The widespread environmental damage at the Aral Sea has affected livelihoods, food production, and human displacement. This situation would likely require addressing at the level of world politics because:

  • A. Single governments cannot fully address trans-boundary water resource problems without international cooperation ✓
  • B. Environmental issues are purely geographical and not political in nature
  • C. Only developed countries have responsibility for environmental restoration
  • D. Individual nations can solve all environmental problems within their borders independently

Answer: A

Q3. The Aral Sea case demonstrates the interconnection between environmental degradation and human suffering mentioned in the UNDP statistics cited in the chapter. Which statement best reflects this connection?

  • A. Environmental destruction has no measurable human impact on health, livelihood, or development
  • B. Water-related environmental crises disproportionately harm vulnerable populations, reducing crop yields and creating humanitarian emergencies, similar to the 3 million child deaths from lack of water/sanitation cited in the chapter ✓
  • C. Environmental issues only affect wealthy nations and developed economies
  • D. Natural resources are unlimited and environmental degradation has no economic consequences

Answer: B

Q4. Considering the Aral Sea crisis in the context of 'global commons' discussed in the chapter, which statement is most accurate?

  • A. The Aral Sea is a resource owned exclusively by one nation and requires no international governance
  • B. Environmental issues in trans-boundary regions like the Aral Sea can be solved unilaterally by individual governments
  • C. Global commons are only located in developed countries and do not affect developing nations
  • D. Shared water bodies like the Aral Sea region require common governance and international cooperation because environmental degradation in one area affects multiple stakeholders across borders ✓

Answer: D

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Environment and Natural Resources

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/2/1 · 6 marks

How does geo-politics of natural resources determine the balance of power in the contemporary world? Examine.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/4/2 · 2 marks

''Water is a crucial resource that is relevant to global politics.'' Justify the statement with the help of one example.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/1 · 2 marks

Explain any two human activities responsible for degradation of environment.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/2/1 · 6 marks

Highlight any four steps taken by the Government of India to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/2/2 · 6 marks

Explain the meaning of "Indigenous People" and assess the threats which they face for their survival.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/2/3 · 6 marks

Examine any four environmental concerns that have influenced the global politics.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/3/1 · 1 mark

The major objective of 'Kyoto Protocol' was:

  • to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • to reduce pollution by increasing forest cover.
  • to provide grant-in-aid to the developing nations to control environmental pollution.
  • to promote sustainable development.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/3/1 · 1 mark

The concept of 'sustainable development' emphasises on:

  • utilizing maximum resources for human development.
  • increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.
  • combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.
  • maximising the efforts for environmental conservation.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/4/1 · 1 mark

Assertion (A): India signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. Reason (R): India was reluctant to participate in global efforts of environment conservation.

  • Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
  • Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/4/1 · 1 mark

Which one of the following statements is true about Global Commons ?

  • Global Commons are determined by the United Nations.
  • Global Commons are outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state.
  • Global Commons have been determined by the Kyoto Protocol.
  • Global Commons are owned by big powers.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/4/1 · 2 marks

Name any four Global Commons.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/4/2 · 1 mark

Which one of the following statements is true about Global Commons?

  • Global Commons are determined by the United Nations.
  • Global Commons are outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state.
  • Global Commons have been determined by the Kyoto Protocol.
  • Global Commons are owned by big powers.

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Class 12 Political Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

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