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Globalisation

NCERT Class 12 · Political Science Based on NCERT Class 12 Political Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter defines globalisation as a multi-dimensional concept fundamentally dealing with flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people, creating worldwide interconnectedness. It examines the causes of globalisation, particularly technology, and its political, economic, and cultural consequences. The chapter also explores the impact of globalisation on India, India's role in affecting globalisation, and the various forms of resistance to globalisation, including social movements in India. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that globalisation is a complex, uneven process with both positive and negative consequences, and its impact varies across different societies and contexts.
Key Concepts (10)
Globalisation
A multi-dimensional concept that fundamentally deals with flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people moving from one part of the world to another, creating and sustaining 'worldwide interconnectedness'.
e.g. Janardhan works in a call centre at night, speaking English with a different accent to clients in the US, rendering a service to someone he is never likely to meet physically.
Worldwide Interconnectedness
The crucial element created and sustained as a consequence of constant flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people across borders.
e.g. The Bird flu or tsunami is not confined to any particular nation and does not respect national boundaries, showing how events in one part of the world impact another.
Cultural Homogenisation
The rise of a uniform culture, which in the name of a global culture is actually the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world, often referred to as the soft power of US hegemony.
e.g. The popularity of a burger or blue jeans is seen as the powerful influence of the American way of life, leading to the 'McDonaldisation' of the world.
Cultural Heterogenisation
The phenomenon where globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive, rather than uniform.
e.g. A khadi kurta worn over blue jeans is a new combination that is unique and has even been exported back to the US, where young Americans wear a kurta and jeans.
Economic Globalisation
A process involving greater economic flows among different countries, including trade in commodities, movement of capital, and flow of ideas, often shaped by international institutions like the IMF and WTO.
e.g. Investors in rich countries can invest their money in developing countries where they might get better returns, and restrictions on imports have been reduced.
Social Safety Nets
Institutional safeguards created to minimise the negative effects of globalisation on those who are economically weak, as emphasised by those concerned about social justice.
e.g. Governments providing welfare functions like education, health, and sanitation to protect people who lose jobs due to globalisation.
Protectionism
A policy adopted by a country to not allow others to export to it so that its own producers can learn to make things, often generating its own problems.
e.g. After independence, India decided to make things itself rather than relying on others and did not allow others to export to India.
World Social Forum (WSF)
A global platform that brings together a wide coalition of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour, youth, and women activists opposed to neo-liberal globalisation.
e.g. The first WSF meeting was organised in Porto Alegre, Brazil in 2001, and the fourth WSF meeting was held in Mumbai in 2004.
Soft Power of US Hegemony
The phenomenon where the culture of the politically and economically dominant society (the US) leaves its imprint on a less powerful society, making the world look more like the dominant power wishes it to be.
e.g. The popularity of a burger or blue jeans is attributed to the powerful influence of the American way of life.
Multi-dimensional Concept
The understanding that globalisation has political, economic, and cultural manifestations, and it is wrong to assume it has purely economic or purely cultural dimensions.
e.g. Globalisation affects state sovereignty (political), trade and investment (economic), and what we eat, drink, and wear (cultural).
How It Works
Process of Globalisation
  1. Ideas, capital, commodities, and people flow from one part of the world to another.
  2. These flows create and sustain 'worldwide interconnectedness'.
  3. Technology, such as the telegraph, telephone, and microchip, revolutionises communication and enables these flows to happen at a greater scale and speed.
  4. People in different parts of the world recognise these interconnections, understanding that events in one part of the world can impact another.
  5. The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven, affecting some societies more than others and some parts of societies more than others.
💡 Students often forget that globalisation is not a new phenomenon; it has a strong historical basis, but the scale and speed of contemporary flows are what make it unique.
Impact of Globalisation on State Capacity
  1. Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, as the old 'welfare state' gives way to a more minimalist state that performs only core functions like law and order and security.
  2. The market becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities, replacing the welfare state.
  3. The entry and increased role of multinational companies reduces the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.
  4. However, globalisation does not always reduce state capacity; the state continues to discharge essential functions and consciously withdraws from certain domains.
  5. In some respects, state capacity receives a boost as enhanced technologies allow the state to collect more information about its citizens, making it better able to rule.
💡 Students often write that globalisation always reduces state capacity, but the chapter clearly states that in some respects state capacity has received a boost.
Cultural Exchange under Globalisation
  1. Globalisation leads to the fear of cultural homogenisation, where a uniform culture (Western culture) is imposed on the rest of the world.
  2. External influences can be negative, reducing our choices, but they can also enlarge our choices or modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional.
  3. For example, the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and is simply added on to food choices.
  4. Sometimes, outside influence creates a new combination that is unique, like a khadi kurta worn over jeans.
  5. Globalisation also generates cultural heterogenisation, where each culture becomes more different and distinctive, and cultural exchange is rarely one way.
💡 Students often assume globalisation only leads to cultural homogenisation, but the chapter also discusses cultural heterogenisation as an opposite effect.
India's Engagement with Globalisation
  1. During the colonial period, India became an exporter of primary goods and raw materials and a consumer of finished goods due to Britain's imperial ambitions.
  2. After independence, India adopted protectionism, deciding to make things itself and not allow others to export to India.
  3. Protectionism led to some advances but also a sluggish rate of economic growth, and critical sectors like health, housing, and primary education did not receive adequate attention.
  4. In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and the desire for higher rates of economic growth, India embarked on a programme of economic reforms to de-regulate various sectors including trade and foreign investment.
  5. The ultimate test of these reforms is not high growth rates but ensuring that the benefits of growth are shared so that everyone is better off.
💡 Students often think globalisation in India started in 1991, but the chapter notes that flows of capital, commodities, ideas, and people go back several centuries in Indian history.
Resistance to Globalisation
  1. Critics from the left argue that globalisation makes the rich richer and the poor poorer, and the weakening of the state reduces its capacity to protect the poor.
  2. Critics from the political right express anxiety over political, economic, and cultural effects, fearing the weakening of the state, loss of self-reliance, and harm to traditional culture.
  3. Anti-globalisation movements participate in global networks, allying with like-minded people in other countries.
  4. In 1999, at the WTO Ministerial Meeting in Seattle, widespread protests alleged unfair trading practices by economically powerful states.
  5. The World Social Forum (WSF) brings together a wide coalition opposed to neo-liberal globalisation.
  6. In India, resistance has come from left-wing protests, trade unions, farmer interests, and the political right objecting to cultural influences like foreign TV channels and Valentine's Day.
💡 Students often think anti-globalisation movements are opposed to globalisation itself, but the chapter states they are opposed to a specific programme of globalisation seen as a form of imperialism.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Globalisation is purely an economic phenomenon
✗ Globalisation is only about economic flows like trade and investment.
→ The chapter explicitly states that globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept with political, economic, and cultural manifestations, and it is wrong to assume it has purely economic dimensions.
✓ Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept that has political, economic, and cultural manifestations.
⚠ Globalisation always reduces state capacity
✗ Globalisation always leads to a reduction in the ability of the government to do what they do.
→ The chapter states that while globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity in some ways, in other respects state capacity has received a boost due to enhanced technologies that allow the state to collect information about its citizens.
✓ Globalisation can lead to both erosion and enhancement of state capacity; the state continues to be important and in some ways becomes more powerful due to new technology.
⚠ Globalisation leads only to cultural homogenisation
✗ Globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture, which is the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world.
→ The chapter also discusses cultural heterogenisation, where globalisation leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive, and cultural exchange is rarely one way.
✓ Globalisation leads to both cultural homogenisation (imposition of Western culture) and cultural heterogenisation (cultures becoming more distinctive).
⚠ Globalisation began in 1991 in India
✗ Globalisation in India started in 1991 with the economic reforms.
→ The chapter states that flows of capital, commodities, ideas, and people go back several centuries in Indian history, including during the colonial period.
✓ Globalisation has occurred in earlier periods in history in India; the 1991 economic reforms were a response to a financial crisis and a desire for higher growth, not the beginning of globalisation.
⚠ Anti-globalisation movements are opposed to all forms of globalisation
✗ Anti-globalisation movements are against the idea of globalisation itself.
→ The chapter states that many anti-globalisation movements are not opposed to the idea of globalisation per se but to a specific programme of globalisation, which they see as a form of imperialism.
✓ Many anti-globalisation movements are opposed to a specific programme of globalisation, not to the idea of globalisation itself.
Compare & Contrast
Outcome of globalisation on cultures
Cultural Homogenisation
Cultural Heterogenisation
Cultural homogenisation refers to the rise of a uniform culture (imposition of Western culture), while cultural heterogenisation refers to each culture becoming more different and distinctive.
Basis of opposition to globalisation
Left-wing criticism of globalisation
Right-wing criticism of globalisation
Left-wing critics argue that globalisation makes the rich richer and the poor poorer and weakens the state's capacity to protect the poor, while right-wing critics fear the weakening of the state, want a return to self-reliance and protectionism, and worry about harm to traditional culture.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Short Answer (3 marks), 1 Long Answer (5 marks)
Most asked: Definition and multi-dimensional nature of globalisation · Causes of globalisation (role of technology) · Political consequences (impact on state sovereignty) · Economic consequences (role of IMF, WTO, social safety nets) · Cultural consequences (homogenisation vs heterogenisation) · India and globalisation (1991 reforms, protectionism) · Resistance to globalisation (WSF, Seattle protests, Indian resistance)
Don't skip: Critically evaluate the impact of globalisation on the state (5 marks); Discuss the cultural consequences of globalisation, including homogenisation and heterogenisation (5 marks); Explain the causes of globalisation and its impact on India (5 marks)
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept dealing with flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people, creating worldwide interconnectedness.
  2. Technology, especially the telegraph, telephone, and microchip, is a critical element causing globalisation by revolutionising communication.
  3. Globalisation has a strong historical basis; the scale and speed of contemporary flows make it unique.
  4. Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity as the welfare state gives way to a minimalist state, but it can also boost state capacity through enhanced information technology.
  5. Economic globalisation involves greater trade, movement of capital, and flow of ideas, but not a similar increase in movement of people due to visa policies.
  6. Social safety nets are institutional safeguards to minimise negative effects of globalisation on the economically weak.
  7. Cultural homogenisation refers to the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world, often called the soft power of US hegemony.
  8. Cultural heterogenisation is the opposite effect where globalisation makes each culture more different and distinctive.
  9. India's experience with globalisation includes colonial exploitation, post-independence protectionism, and economic reforms in 1991.
  10. Resistance to globalisation comes from both the left (concerned about inequality) and the right (concerned about cultural loss).
  11. The World Social Forum is a global platform opposing neo-liberal globalisation, first held in Porto Alegre, Brazil in 2001.
  12. Anti-globalisation movements are often opposed to a specific programme of globalisation seen as imperialism, not to globalisation itself.
  13. The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven and must be understood in specific contexts, not through simple generalisations.
  14. Globalisation affects what we eat, drink, wear, and think, shaping our preferences.
  15. The ultimate test of globalisation in India is not high growth rates but ensuring benefits are shared so everyone is better off.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. What does the term 'globalisation' fundamentally refer to in the context of international relations?

  • A. The creation of worldwide interconnectedness through flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people ✓
  • B. The spread of Western culture and values to all countries
  • C. The establishment of international trade agreements only
  • D. The migration of workers from poor to rich countries

Answer: A — Globalisation is defined as flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people creating worldwide interconnectedness, not just cultural spread or trade alone.

Q2. Which of the following best illustrates economic globalisation according to the chapter?

  • A. A militant group threatening college girls wearing Western clothes
  • B. Ramdhari purchasing a bicycle manufactured in China and marketed in India ✓
  • C. Sarika getting a job opportunity unavailable to earlier generations
  • D. A film producer being accused of copying a Hollywood story

Answer: B — The Ramdhari example specifically shows how commodities cross borders and are traded globally, which is economic globalisation.

Q3. What makes contemporary globalisation distinct from historical flows of trade and migration?

  • A. It only involves wealthy nations
  • B. The unprecedented scale and speed of these flows due to modern technology ✓
  • C. It is purely an economic phenomenon
  • D. It was first documented in the 20th century

Answer: B — The chapter explicitly states that flows existed historically, but contemporary globalisation is characterised by their unprecedented scale and speed.

Q4. According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a cause of contemporary globalisation?

  • A. Technological advancement in communication and transportation
  • B. Awareness of worldwide interconnections and events
  • C. Complete elimination of national borders ✓
  • D. Ability of ideas, capital, and commodities to move more easily

Answer: C — While globalisation increases flows, it does not eliminate national borders; rather, it makes borders more porous for trade and ideas.

Q5. Janardhan's work in a call centre illustrates which aspect of globalisation?

  • A. The movement of commodities across borders
  • B. The globalisation of services where workers serve clients across time zones ✓
  • C. The spread of Western clothing and values
  • D. The integration of local cultures with global standards

Answer: B — Janardhan works night shifts in India to serve US clients during their day, exemplifying how globalisation enables service delivery across geographical and temporal boundaries.

Q6. Which of the following examples from the chapter demonstrates a NEGATIVE consequence of globalisation?

  • A. Ramdhari finding affordable, good quality products in the market
  • B. Farmers committing suicide after buying expensive seeds from multinational companies ✓
  • C. Sarika getting employment opportunities in her career
  • D. Indian companies buying rival European companies

Answer: B — The farmer suicide example is explicitly presented as a negative consequence where MNC products (expensive seeds) led to crop failure and tragedy.

Q7. Assertion: Globalisation affects all societies and all parts of societies equally. Reason: The impact of globalisation depends on specific economic and cultural contexts.

  • A. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason explains assertion
  • B. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason does not explain assertion
  • C. Assertion is true but reason is false
  • D. Assertion is false but reason is true ✓

Answer: D — The chapter explicitly states that globalisation's impact is vastly uneven and context-dependent, making the assertion false while the reason correctly explains why.

Q8. Among the four types of flows in globalisation (ideas, capital, commodities, people), which moves FASTEST across borders?

  • A. People, because they seek better livelihoods
  • B. Ideas, because they require no physical movement
  • C. Capital, because digital transfers are instantaneous ✓
  • D. Commodities, because trade agreements facilitate movement

Answer: C — The chapter states that capital moves fastest, followed by commodities, while people move slowest due to immigration barriers and border controls.

Q9. Which of the following statements about the dimensions of globalisation is INCORRECT?

  • A. Globalisation has political, economic, and cultural dimensions that must be distinguished
  • B. Globalisation is primarily an economic phenomenon with little cultural impact ✓
  • C. The impact of globalisation varies across different societies and regions
  • D. Globalisation involves flows of ideas, capital, and commodities simultaneously

Answer: B — The chapter emphasises that globalisation is multi-dimensional with political, economic, and cultural aspects that must all be analysed, not just economic.

Q10. What is the main role of technology in enabling globalisation? (HOTS)

  • A. Technology ensures that all countries benefit equally from globalisation
  • B. Technology creates awareness of interconnections and enables faster, wider movement of ideas, capital, commodities, and people ✓
  • C. Technology was invented to replace traditional trade routes
  • D. Technology makes globalisation only a Western phenomenon

Answer: B — The chapter identifies technology (telegraph, telephone, microchip, internet) as revolutionary in enabling communication and faster flows while creating awareness of worldwide events and interconnections.

Flashcards

Define globalisation in simple terms.

Globalisation is the process of worldwide interconnectedness created by constant flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people across national borders.

What makes contemporary globalisation different from historical flows?

The unprecedented scale and speed of flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people due to modern technology distinguish contemporary globalisation.

Name three technologies that enabled globalisation.

Telegraph, telephone, microchip, and the internet revolutionised communication and enabled faster movement of ideas, capital, and information across the world.

Explain the Janardhan call centre example of globalisation.

Janardhan works at night (India's evening) to serve US clients during their day, exemplifying how globalisation enables service flows across time zones and borders.

What does 'worldwide interconnectedness' mean in globalisation?

It means events, economies, cultures, and societies are now connected such that changes in one part of the world can affect another part.

Is globalisation always positive? Give one negative example from the chapter.

No, globalisation has negative consequences; for example, farmers committed suicide after buying expensive seeds from MNCs, or shopkeepers fear job loss from foreign retail chains.

How does technology relate to globalisation?

Technology (microchip, internet, telecommunications) enables the faster and wider movement of ideas, capital, commodities, and people across borders, making globalisation possible.

Which flow moves quickest in globalisation and which moves slowest?

Capital and commodities move fastest across borders; the movement of people is slowest due to immigration restrictions and other barriers.

What does the Ramdhari cycle example illustrate?

It illustrates how commodities manufactured in one country (China) are marketed and sold in another (India), showing the globalisation of trade.

Name the three dimensions of globalisation mentioned in the chapter.

Globalisation has political, economic, and cultural dimensions that must be distinguished and analysed separately.

Important Board Questions

Define globalisation and explain what makes it a 'multi-dimensional concept'. (2 marks) [2 marks]

Define as flows of ideas, capital, commodities, people creating worldwide interconnectedness. Then state three dimensions: economic (trade, MNCs), political (state sovereignty), cultural (values, lifestyles) — each must be distinguished separately, not combined.

Explain how technology acts as a critical cause of contemporary globalisation. Give two examples of technological advances and their impacts. (4 marks) [4 marks]

Explain that technology enables faster, wider movement of flows and creates awareness of worldwide interconnections. Examples: (1) Telegraph/Telephone → long-distance communication possible; (2) Internet/Microchip → instant information and capital transfer. Show how each enables globalisation.

Analyse whether globalisation has uniformly positive or negative consequences for all societies. Use three specific examples from the chapter to support your argument. (6 marks) [6 marks]

Argue that globalisation's impact is vastly uneven — affects different societies and groups differently. Use: (1) Janardhan/call centres (winners: job creation), (2) Ramdhari/commodities (winners: affordable goods), (3) Farmers/MNC seeds (losers: suicide, debt) and shopkeepers (losers: job threat). Conclude: context matters, not all-positive or all-negative.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Globalisation

Q1. Assertion (A):

Janardhan working in a call centre for US clients and working night shifts while adopting a Western accent represents the globalisation of services.

Reason (R):

The globalisation of services involves cross-border rendering of services where individuals provide services to clients in different parts of the world without physical relocation of the service location.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both assertion and reason are true. Janardhan's work exemplifies service globalisation—he provides services across borders. The reason correctly explains why this is service globalisation: services are delivered remotely to distant clients. The reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

Q2. Assertion (A):

Sarika's conflict with relatives over pursuing an independent career illustrates the cultural dimension of globalisation.

Reason (R):

Cultural globalisation refers only to the spread of Western fashion, music, and entertainment industries, not to changes in family values or women's economic roles.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—Sarika's example clearly shows a cultural conflict arising from new global ideas about women's opportunities. However, the reason is false. Cultural globalisation includes flows of ideas and values (including women's rights and economic participation), not merely fashion and entertainment. The reason's narrow definition contradicts the textbook's broader understanding of cultural flows.

Q3. Assertion (A):

The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven, affecting some societies and some parts of societies differently.

Reason (R):

This uneven impact occurs because globalisation simultaneously creates opportunities for some groups (like Sarika in white-collar services) while causing hardships for others (like farmers facing expensive MNC seeds).

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both assertion and reason are true. The chapter explicitly emphasises that globalisation's impact is 'vastly uneven.' The reason correctly explains this unevenness through concrete examples from the chapter showing differential impacts on different social groups within the same society. The reason is the correct explanation.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Globalisation

Case Study:

Rajeev is a farmer in Punjab who invested heavily in seeds supplied by a multinational corporation (MNC), expecting high yields due to the company's promises of advanced hybrid technology. However, after the first season, the crops failed, and Rajeev incurred significant losses. He took a loan to cover the costs, and when the second season also resulted in poor yields, Rajeev fell into severe debt. The agricultural cooperative in his village reported that at least 15 farmers in the district faced similar circumstances in the past year. Meanwhile, a retail supermarket chain from a multinational company announced plans to open 20 new stores across Punjab, alarming local shopkeepers who feared competition and loss of livelihoods.

Q1. Rajeev's situation with expensive MNC seeds represents which aspect of globalisation discussed in the chapter?

  • A. Positive globalisation of agricultural technology benefiting all farmers equally
  • B. Economic globalisation involving the movement of commodities and capital, with uneven and potentially negative consequences for local farmers ✓
  • C. Cultural globalisation affecting traditional farming practices
  • D. Labour globalisation causing migration of farmers to cities

Answer: B

Q2. The local shopkeepers' fear of losing livelihoods due to MNC retail chains entering Punjab exemplifies which statement from the chapter?

  • A. Globalisation has purely positive effects on all economic actors
  • B. The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven, affecting different groups and regions differently ✓
  • C. Globalisation only affects wealthy nations positively
  • D. Local businesses always benefit from international competition

Answer: B

Q3. How does Rajeev's example of crop failure relate to the chapter's argument that globalisation is 'multi-dimensional'?

  • A. It shows only the economic dimension of globalisation through commodity and capital flows
  • B. It proves that globalisation has no social impacts
  • C. It illustrates that globalisation's economic consequences affect farming communities, creating social and financial dimensions beyond just trade ✓
  • D. It demonstrates that globalisation benefits rural economies uniformly

Answer: C

Q4. The chapter states that 'globalisation need not always be positive; it can have negative consequences.' Which statement best reflects this principle based on Rajeev's and the shopkeepers' situations?

  • A. The entry of MNC agricultural and retail companies represents globalisation that creates both opportunities and hardships depending on one's position in the economy ✓
  • B. Globalisation is always negative and should be completely stopped
  • C. Only farmers face negative consequences from globalisation; retail traders benefit
  • D. MNCs intentionally harm local communities

Answer: A

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Globalisation

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/1 · 1 mark

Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read these statements carefully and choose the correct answer: Assertion (A): All over the world, the old 'welfare state' is getting more importance. Reason (R): Due to globalisation, the state withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions and the market has become the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true, but the Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
  • Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/1 · 1 mark

Choose the statement that best describes the concept of globalisation.

  • The process of rapid integration or inter-connection among countries of the world through the flow of goods, capital, people and ideas.
  • Globalisation has increased states capabilities in the political field.
  • Globalisation has given freedom to consumers to choose from limited alternatives.
  • Globalisation has reduced the various opportunities of employment to the people.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/1 · 2 marks

On what grounds can globalisation be considered a multi-dimensional concept? Explain with example.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/1 · 4 marks

Describe any four initiatives taken across the world to create awareness about the protection of the environment.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/2 · 1 mark

Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read these statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the options given below: Assertion (A): All over the world, the old 'welfare state' is getting more importance. Reason (R): Due to globalisation, the state withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions and the market has become the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true, but the Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
  • Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/2 · 2 marks

On what grounds can globalisation be considered a multi-dimensional concepts ? Explain with example.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/3 · 1 mark

Given below are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read these statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the options (A), (B), (C) and (D) given below: Assertion (A): All over the world, the old 'welfare state' is getting more importance. Reason (R): Due to globalisation, the state withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions and the market has become the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.

  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Both the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are true, but the Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
  • Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
  • Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/3 · 2 marks

On what grounds can globalisation be considered a multi-dimensional concepts? Explain with example.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/1/3 · 4 marks

"Growing global poverty is becoming a threat to the world." Support the statement with two arguments.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/2/2 · 4 marks

[Diagram/Map-based question — skipped]

(i) Which change does the cartoon reflect?

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/3/1 · 2 marks

Globalization has been a boon for the economy of India despite the resistance shown by certain groups. Support the statement.

CBSE 2026 · Set 59/3/1 · 2 marks

How has Information Technology been responsible in accelerating globalization across the world? Explain with two examples.

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Class 12 Political Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 761 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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