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Atmosphere and Climate

NCERT Class 9 · Social Science Based on NCERT Class 9 Social Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter explains the Earth's atmosphere—its composition, layered structure, and role in sustaining life. It then connects atmospheric processes to weather and climate, focusing on India's tropical monsoon climate, the mechanism of monsoon winds, and the four seasons recognized by the Indian Meteorological Department. The big idea a student must walk away with is that the atmosphere is a dynamic system that regulates life on Earth, and human activities are now disrupting it through climate change, making it urgent to reduce our carbon footprint.
Key Concepts (28)
Atmosphere
A blanket of air surrounding the Earth, pulled down by gravity, composed of a mixture of gases vital for survival of all living beings.
e.g. The air we breathe, the clouds we see, and the breeze we feel are all part of the atmosphere.
Gravity
A fundamental physical force of attraction between objects that have mass or energy; Earth's gravity is the force that pulls objects toward its surface.
e.g. The atmosphere stays around the Earth because of gravity; without it, the air would drift into space.
Altitude
The height of a location above mean sea level, usually measured in metres or feet; mean sea level is considered zero.
e.g. Leh is at a high altitude of 3506 metres, so its air is thin and cold.
Troposphere
The most important layer of the atmosphere, with an average height of about 12 kilometres, where temperature decreases with increasing altitude; contains most water vapour, clouds, and all weather phenomena.
e.g. Rainfall, fog, and hail all occur in the troposphere.
Tropopause
The transition zone that separates the troposphere from the stratosphere.
e.g. Aeroplanes fly above the tropopause to avoid weather disturbances.
Stratosphere
The layer above the troposphere extending up to 50 kilometres, free of clouds and weather disturbances, ideal for flying aeroplanes; contains the ozone layer.
e.g. Aeroplanes fly in the stratosphere because it is stable and cloud-free.
Ozone
A layer of ozone gas in the stratosphere that shields the Earth by filtering the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.
e.g. The ozone layer protects us from skin cancer-causing UV rays.
Stratopause
The boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere.
e.g. Above the stratopause, temperature begins to decrease again in the mesosphere.
Mesosphere
The third layer of the atmosphere extending up to 80 kilometres, where temperature decreases with increasing altitude; most meteorites burn up here.
e.g. Shooting stars are meteorites burning up in the mesosphere.
Thermosphere
The layer extending from 80 to 700 km where temperature rises very rapidly with altitude as gas molecules absorb X-rays and short-wave ultraviolet radiation; contains the ionosphere and is where auroras occur.
e.g. The Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) occur in the thermosphere.
Ionosphere
A part of the thermosphere that helps with radio transmission by reflecting radio waves transmitted from the Earth back towards it.
e.g. Long-distance radio communication is possible because of the ionosphere.
Exosphere
The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, characterised by very thin air; light gases like helium and hydrogen float into space from this layer due to weak gravity.
e.g. Satellites orbit in or above the exosphere.
Aurora
A colourful display of light seen in the sky near the poles, caused by solar wind (charged particles from the Sun) interacting with atmospheric gases, each gas glowing with a particular colour.
e.g. Aurora Borealis in the Northern Hemisphere and Aurora Australis in the Southern Hemisphere.
Weather
The hour-to-hour and day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere.
e.g. It is raining today but was sunny yesterday — that is weather.
Climate
The sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for an extended period of time, usually thirty years or more.
e.g. India has a tropical monsoon climate — hot summers and heavy rainfall from June to September.
Insolation
The incoming solar energy from the Sun that is intercepted by the Earth.
e.g. The equator receives more insolation than the poles, so it is hotter near the equator.
Humidity
The presence of water vapour in the air, creating moisture.
e.g. On a humid day, clothes take longer to dry and sweat evaporates slowly.
Precipitation
Occurs when a part of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour, which condenses and falls on the Earth due to gravity; includes drizzle, rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
e.g. Rain is the most common form of precipitation and lowers the temperature of a place.
Atmospheric pressure
The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the Earth's surface; highest at sea level and decreases with altitude.
e.g. We do not feel atmospheric pressure because the pressure inside our bodies cancels it out.
Wind
The movement of air from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area.
e.g. Sea breeze blows from the sea to the land during the day because land heats up faster and creates low pressure.
Monsoon
The seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year; derived from the Arabic word 'mausim' meaning season.
e.g. In summer, winds blow from the Indian Ocean to the land bringing rain; in winter, they reverse direction.
South-west monsoon
The summer monsoon characterised by winds blowing from sea to land across the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal between June and September; caused by unequal heating of land and sea.
e.g. Most of India's annual rainfall comes from the south-west monsoon.
North-east monsoon
The winter monsoon occurring from October to February, with cold and dry winds blowing from land to sea; brings rainfall to the eastern coast of India, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
e.g. Chennai receives most of its rainfall from the north-east monsoon after October.
Climate change
Long-term changes in weather patterns, such as temperature, rainfall, and wind, caused mainly by human activities including burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial pollution that release greenhouse gases.
e.g. More frequent floods, droughts, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels are signs of climate change.
Carbon footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, such as energy use, transportation, or the production of goods and services.
e.g. Using a bicycle instead of a car reduces your carbon footprint.
Greenhouse gases
Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour that trap heat in the atmosphere, raising global temperatures.
e.g. Burning fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.
Land breeze
A local wind that blows from land to sea during the night, resulting from differential surface cooling — land cools faster than sea.
e.g. At night, the land becomes cooler than the sea, so wind blows from land to sea.
Sea breeze
A local wind that blows from sea to land during the day, especially in the afternoon, when land becomes relatively warmer than the sea, creating a low-pressure region over land.
e.g. During a hot afternoon at the beach, a cool breeze blows from the sea towards the land.
How It Works
Mechanism of the South-West Monsoon (Summer Monsoon)
  1. During summer, the landmass of India heats up faster than the surrounding oceans.
  2. This creates a low-pressure area over the Indian subcontinent.
  3. The Indian Ocean remains relatively cooler and has high pressure.
  4. Winds move from high-pressure areas (ocean) to low-pressure areas (land).
  5. Moist winds blow from the ocean towards the land, bringing rainfall.
  6. This accounts for most of the rainfall in the country throughout the year.
💡 Students often forget that it is the unequal heating of land and sea that causes the pressure difference — not just the heat itself.
Mechanism of the North-East Monsoon (Winter Monsoon)
  1. During winter, the Indian landmass cools faster than the surrounding oceans.
  2. This creates a high-pressure area over the land and low pressure over the seas.
  3. Cold and dry winds blow from land to sea.
  4. These winds generally do not bring rainfall to most parts of India.
  5. However, when they pass over the Bay of Bengal, they pick up moisture.
  6. This causes rainfall on the eastern coast of India, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka.
💡 Students often think the north-east monsoon brings rain to all of India — it only brings rain to the eastern coast because it picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
Formation of Land Breeze and Sea Breeze
  1. During the day, land heats up faster than the sea.
  2. Warm air over land rises, creating a low-pressure area over land.
  3. Cooler air from the sea (high pressure) moves towards the land (low pressure) — this is sea breeze.
  4. During the night, land cools faster than the sea.
  5. Cool air over land sinks, creating a high-pressure area over land.
  6. Warmer air over the sea (low pressure) causes wind to blow from land to sea — this is land breeze.
💡 Students often reverse the timing — sea breeze occurs during the day, land breeze at night.
How Precipitation Occurs
  1. Water evaporates from land and water bodies, becoming water vapour.
  2. The atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapour.
  3. The water vapour condenses into droplets or ice crystals.
  4. These droplets or crystals become heavy and fall to the Earth due to gravity.
  5. This falling water is called precipitation — it can be drizzle, rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
💡 Precipitation requires saturation of the atmosphere AND condensation — students often skip the condensation step.
How Atmospheric Pressure Creates Wind
  1. In areas with high temperatures, air heats up and rises, creating a low-pressure area.
  2. In areas with lower temperatures, air is cold and heavy, sinking to create a high-pressure area.
  3. Air always moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
  4. This movement of air is called wind.
💡 Wind direction is from high to low pressure — never the reverse. Also, winds are named after the direction they blow FROM, not towards.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing Weather and Climate
✗ Climate is the daily condition of the atmosphere, and weather is the average over many years.
→ This is the exact opposite of the correct definitions. Weather is hour-to-hour and day-to-day; climate is the average over 30 years or more.
✓ Weather refers to the hour-to-hour and day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, while climate is the sum total of weather conditions over a large area for an extended period of time, usually thirty years or more.
⚠ Mixing Up Layers Where Temperature Decreases
✗ Temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere and stratosphere.
→ Temperature decreases with altitude only in the troposphere and mesosphere. In the stratosphere, temperature is stable or increases due to ozone absorption of UV radiation.
✓ Temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere and mesosphere. In the stratosphere, temperature remains stable or increases.
⚠ Wrong Direction of Wind Naming
✗ The wind blowing from the west is called an easterly wind.
→ Winds are named after the direction they blow FROM, not the direction they blow towards. A wind blowing from the west is called a westerly.
✓ Winds are named after the direction they blow from. For example, the wind blowing from the west is called a westerly.
⚠ Confusing South-West and North-East Monsoon Rainfall Regions
✗ The north-east monsoon brings rainfall to most parts of India.
→ The north-east monsoon generally brings cold, dry winds that do not cause rainfall in most of India. Only when they pass over the Bay of Bengal do they pick up moisture and cause rainfall on the eastern coast (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Karnataka).
✓ The north-east monsoon brings rainfall mainly to the eastern coast of India, especially Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of Karnataka, because the winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
⚠ Forgetting the Role of Gravity in the Atmosphere
✗ The atmosphere stays around the Earth because of the Earth's rotation.
→ The atmosphere is held around the Earth by gravity, not rotation. Gravity pulls the air down and keeps it from escaping into space.
✓ The atmosphere is pulled down around the Earth by gravity, which prevents it from escaping into space.
⚠ Thinking We Feel Atmospheric Pressure
✗ We do not feel atmospheric pressure because it is very low.
→ Atmospheric pressure is actually quite high (about 1 kg per square cm at sea level). We do not feel it because the pressure inside our bodies is equal to the atmospheric pressure, cancelling it out.
✓ We do not feel atmospheric pressure because the pressure inside our bodies is also equal to the atmospheric pressure, cancelling the pressure from outside.
Compare & Contrast
Location and characteristics
Troposphere
Stratosphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer (up to 12 km) where weather occurs and temperature decreases with altitude; the stratosphere is above it (up to 50 km), is cloud-free, ideal for flying aeroplanes, contains the ozone layer, and temperature is stable or increases.
Season, wind direction, and rainfall pattern
South-West Monsoon
North-East Monsoon
The south-west monsoon (June–September) blows from sea to land, bringing heavy rainfall to most of India; the north-east monsoon (October–February) blows from land to sea, is cold and dry, and brings rainfall only to the eastern coast (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Karnataka) after picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
Time period and scope
Weather
Climate
Weather refers to hour-to-hour and day-to-day atmospheric conditions at a specific place; climate is the average weather conditions over a large area for an extended period, usually thirty years or more.
Time of occurrence and direction of wind
Land Breeze
Sea Breeze
Sea breeze blows from sea to land during the day when land is warmer; land breeze blows from land to sea at night when land cools faster than the sea.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: Typically 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Very Short Answer (1 mark), 1 Short Answer (3 marks) on layers or monsoon mechanism, and 1 Long Answer (5 marks) on monsoon mechanism or climate change. Total: approximately 10-12 marks.
Most asked: Composition of the atmosphere (pie diagram question) · Layers of the atmosphere (labelled diagram and functions of each layer) · Difference between weather and climate · Mechanism of monsoon (south-west and north-east) · Seasons in India (IMD classification) · Climate change and carbon footprint · Land breeze and sea breeze
Don't skip: Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of the atmosphere and explain the features of each layer (5 marks).; Explain the mechanism of the south-west and north-east monsoon winds (5 marks).; Distinguish between weather and climate (3 marks).; What is climate change? What are its causes and effects? How can we reduce our carbon footprint? (5 marks).
Safe to skip: The detailed traditional Indian seasons (Vasanta, Grishma, etc.) and the specific names of lunar mansions (nakshatras) are low-weightage and rarely asked in board exams. Focus on the four IMD seasons instead.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. The atmosphere is a blanket of air surrounding the Earth, held by gravity, composed mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
  2. The five layers of the atmosphere in order from Earth upwards are: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
  3. Temperature decreases with altitude only in the troposphere and mesosphere.
  4. The troposphere is the most important layer because all weather phenomena occur here.
  5. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
  6. Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere; climate is the average weather over 30 years or more.
  7. The four main seasons of India according to IMD are: Winter (Dec–April), Summer/Pre-monsoon (April–June), Monsoon/Rainy (June–Sept), and Post-monsoon/Retreating monsoon (Oct–Dec).
  8. Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal of wind direction, derived from the Arabic word 'mausim' meaning season.
  9. The south-west monsoon (summer) blows from sea to land due to low pressure over the heated Indian landmass, bringing most of India's rainfall.
  10. The north-east monsoon (winter) blows from land to sea and brings rainfall only to the eastern coast of India after picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
  11. Climate change is long-term change in weather patterns caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, leading to global warming.
  12. Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released by human activities; we can reduce it by saving energy, using renewable sources, and planting trees.
  13. Sea breeze blows from sea to land during the day; land breeze blows from land to sea at night.
  14. Winds are named after the direction they blow from — a wind from the west is called a westerly.
  15. We do not feel atmospheric pressure because the pressure inside our bodies cancels it out.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. Which gas makes up approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere?

  • A. Oxygen
  • B. Nitrogen ✓
  • C. Carbon Dioxide
  • D. Argon

Answer: B — Nitrogen comprises 78% of the atmosphere and is essential for life as it supports plant growth and various biological processes.

Q2. At what average height does the troposphere extend?

  • A. 5 kilometres
  • B. 12 kilometres ✓
  • C. 30 kilometres
  • D. 50 kilometres

Answer: B — The troposphere extends to an average height of 12 kilometres and is the most important layer where all weather phenomena occur.

Q3. Which atmospheric layer contains the ozone that protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation?

  • A. Troposphere
  • B. Mesosphere
  • C. Stratosphere ✓
  • D. Thermosphere

Answer: C — The stratosphere (12–50 km) contains the ozone layer, a critical feature that filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Q4. Which of the following statements about temperature in atmospheric layers is NOT correct?

  • A. Temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere
  • B. Temperature increases with altitude in the thermosphere
  • C. Temperature decreases with altitude in the mesosphere
  • D. Temperature decreases with altitude in the stratosphere ✓

Answer: D — Temperature actually increases in the stratosphere due to ozone absorption of solar radiation, making option D incorrect while others are true.

Q5. Priya observes that weather changes from day to day in her city, but the overall climate remains similar year after year. What is the key difference she is noticing?

  • A. Weather occurs only in the stratosphere while climate occurs in the troposphere
  • B. Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions while climate is the average pattern over 30+ years ✓
  • C. Weather is caused by temperature while climate is caused by humidity
  • D. Weather depends on altitude while climate depends on latitude

Answer: B — Weather refers to hour-to-hour and day-to-day changes, while climate is the sum of weather conditions over extended periods of 30+ years.

Q6. How does insolation affect temperature distribution on Earth?

  • A. Insolation increases from the equator towards the poles, making poles warmer
  • B. Insolation is uniform everywhere on Earth, so temperature is the same globally
  • C. Insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles, making equatorial regions warmer ✓
  • D. Insolation only affects temperature in the thermosphere

Answer: C — Insolation (incoming solar energy) decreases from the equator to the poles, causing equatorial regions to be warmer than polar regions.

Q7. Which of the following is a correct match between atmospheric layer and its characteristic?

  • A. Exosphere — contains most weather phenomena
  • B. Thermosphere — ideal for flying aeroplanes
  • C. Mesosphere — most meteorites burn up here ✓
  • D. Stratosphere — temperature decreases with altitude

Answer: C — Most meteorites entering from space burn up in the mesosphere due to friction with atmospheric gases at that altitude.

Q8. Why does the atmosphere not crush our bodies despite exerting significant pressure on us?

  • A. Because the atmosphere only exists above us, not below
  • B. Because air pressure decreases at high altitudes, so there is no net pressure
  • C. Because our bodies exert equal counter-pressure from inside, cancelling out the atmospheric pressure ✓
  • D. Because gravity protects us from atmospheric pressure

Answer: C — Air pressure acts on us from all sides and our bodies exert equal counter-pressure in response, resulting in no net force felt by us.

Q9. In which atmospheric layer does the Aurora Borealis occur and why?

  • A. Troposphere; because it has the most water vapour
  • B. Stratosphere; because it contains the ozone layer
  • C. Thermosphere; because charged particles from the Sun interact with atmospheric gases there ✓
  • D. Mesosphere; because temperature decreases rapidly there

Answer: C — The Aurora Borealis occurs in the thermosphere when charged particles from the Sun interact with different atmospheric gases, causing them to glow.

Q10. Which statement best explains why the atmosphere is essential for life on Earth?

  • A. It provides nitrogen for plant growth and oxygen for respiration
  • B. It shields us from harmful radiation, regulates temperature, and provides gases for respiration ✓
  • C. It creates weather and prevents all greenhouse gases from entering space
  • D. It reflects all solar radiation back to space to keep Earth cool

Answer: B — The atmosphere serves multiple critical functions: shielding from UV radiation, trapping heat for temperature regulation, and providing essential gases like oxygen.

Flashcards

What is the atmosphere?

A blanket of air surrounding Earth, held by gravity, composed of gases essential for life and shielding us from harmful solar radiation.

Name the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) are the two primary gases that sustain all life on Earth.

What is the troposphere and why is it important?

The troposphere is the lowest layer (12 km high) where we breathe, weather forms, and nearly all precipitation occurs.

Which layer contains the ozone and what does it do?

The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which filters the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation and protects life on Earth.

How does temperature change in the troposphere and mesosphere?

Temperature decreases with increasing altitude in both the troposphere and mesosphere, making them unique among atmospheric layers.

What happens to temperature in the thermosphere?

Temperature rises rapidly with increasing altitude in the thermosphere as gas molecules absorb X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.

Define weather and climate with one key difference.

Weather is hour-to-hour atmospheric conditions while climate is the average weather pattern over 30+ years for a region.

What is insolation and how does it affect temperature?

Insolation is incoming solar energy that decreases from the equator to the poles, causing temperature variation across latitudes.

Name three major elements that influence weather and climate.

Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, and atmospheric pressure are the five major elements affecting weather and climate.

What is the exosphere and what happens there?

The exosphere is the uppermost atmospheric layer with very thin air where light gases like helium and hydrogen escape into space.

Important Board Questions

Name the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere and state their approximate percentages. [2 marks]

Look at the composition pie chart; Nitrogen and Oxygen are the primary gases. State their exact percentages: 78% and 21%.

Explain how the ozone layer in the stratosphere protects life on Earth. Why is the stratosphere ideal for flying aeroplanes? [3 marks]

The ozone layer filters ultraviolet radiation, protecting organisms from harm. Aeroplanes fly here because it is free of clouds and weather disturbances. Connect both reasons to the stratosphere's position and composition.

Analyse the relationship between the five atmospheric layers and the phenomena that occur within them. How do the different temperature patterns in these layers influence Earth's weather and climate? [5 marks]

Describe each layer (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere) with their altitude, temperature patterns, and specific phenomena (weather, auroras, meteors). Explain how temperature variations and layer functions (ozone protection, heat trapping, convection in troposphere) directly cause weather patterns and climate differences. Link insolation and altitude to temperature distribution.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Atmosphere and Climate

Q1. Assertion (A):

The troposphere is the most important layer of the atmosphere for life on Earth.

Reason (R):

The troposphere is located closest to Earth's surface and contains most of the water vapour, clouds, and air that organisms breathe.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why the troposphere is most important—it contains the essential resources (air, water vapour, clouds) needed for weather and life. The proximity and presence of these elements directly support this significance.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The stratosphere contains an ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Reason (R):

Ozone gas is the most abundant gas in the stratosphere and forms a continuous shield around the entire planet.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—the stratosphere does contain ozone that filters UV radiation. However, the reason is false because ozone is not the most abundant gas in the stratosphere (nitrogen and oxygen dominate overall), nor does it form a continuous shield; it exists as a concentrated layer. The function is correct, but the explanation mechanism is inaccurate.

Q3. Assertion (A):

Temperature increases with altitude in both the troposphere and thermosphere.

Reason (R):

Different atmospheric layers experience different solar radiation absorption patterns based on their gas composition.

Answer: D — A is false but R is true — The assertion is false—temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere but increases in the thermosphere. The reason is true but doesn't validate the assertion. The reason correctly identifies that different layers absorb radiation differently, but this doesn't support the false claim about tropospheric temperature.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Atmosphere and Climate

Case Study:

A weather station in India's coastal city of Kochi recorded temperature and precipitation data for a single week in June. Monday showed 32°C with brief showers, Tuesday had 33°C with heavy rainfall, Wednesday dropped to 28°C with moderate rain, Thursday reached 35°C with no rain, and Friday returned to 32°C with scattered showers. The meteorologist noted that this week's temperature variations were typical for the monsoon season. However, when comparing this week to the 30-year average for Kochi, the rainfall was 15% above normal, and the average temperature was 1°C higher than expected for June.

Q1. The daily temperature variations observed during this week (ranging from 28°C to 35°C) best represent:

  • A. Climate of Kochi
  • B. Weather conditions in Kochi ✓
  • C. Long-term atmospheric patterns of Kochi
  • D. Average temperature trend of coastal regions

Answer: B

Q2. The 30-year average rainfall and temperature data used for comparison represents the _____ of Kochi.

  • A. Monthly weather pattern
  • B. Seasonal climate data
  • C. Climate of the region ✓
  • D. Daily atmospheric conditions

Answer: C

Q3. Based on the passage, which atmospheric element most directly influenced the day-to-day variations observed during the week?

  • A. Atmospheric pressure and wind patterns
  • B. Water vapour and precipitation ✓
  • C. Ozone concentration
  • D. Nitrogen and oxygen ratios

Answer: B

Q4. The fact that rainfall was 15% above the 30-year normal while the week's individual temperatures varied significantly suggests that:

  • A. Kochi's climate is changing and becoming wetter
  • B. This particular week had unusual weather patterns compared to typical June conditions ✓
  • C. The monsoon season only affects coastal cities in June
  • D. Temperature and rainfall have no relationship to each other

Answer: B

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