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International Trade

NCERT Class 12 · Geography Based on NCERT Class 12 Geography textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter examines India's international trade, focusing on its changing patterns in volume, composition, and direction since independence. It explains why no country is self-sufficient and how trade is mutually beneficial, with India's contribution being about one percent of world trade. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that India's trade has shifted from foodgrain imports to petroleum and capital goods, while exports have moved from traditional agricultural items to manufactured goods and engineering products, with ports serving as critical gateways for this exchange.
Key Concepts (14)
International Trade
Trade between two or more countries, which is mutually beneficial as no country is self-sufficient.
e.g. India exports engineering goods to the USA and imports crude petroleum from Middle Eastern countries.
Volume of Trade
The total value of goods and services exchanged in foreign trade, measured in monetary terms (e.g., crore rupees).
e.g. India's external trade rose from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21.
Composition of Trade
The types or categories of commodities that a country exports and imports, showing the share of each category in total trade.
e.g. In 2021-22, manufactured goods accounted for 67.8% of India's exports, while fuel (coal, POL) made up 31.6% of imports.
Direction of Trade
The countries or regions to which a country exports and from which it imports goods.
e.g. India's major import partners in 2021-22 included Asia and ASEAN (Rs. 29,18,577 crore) and Europe (Rs. 6,40,577 crore).
Trade Balance
The difference between the value of exports and imports of a country; negative when imports exceed exports (adverse balance of trade).
e.g. In 2021-22, India's trade balance was -Rs. 14,25,753 crore, meaning imports far exceeded exports.
Hinterland
The area from which a port draws its trade, including the region that supplies exports and consumes imports through that port.
e.g. The hinterland of Mumbai port includes Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.
Natural Harbour
A harbour where the landform provides shelter from wind and waves naturally, requiring minimal artificial construction.
e.g. Mumbai port is a natural harbour, 20 km long and 6-10 km wide, with 54 berths and the country's largest oil terminal.
Artificial Harbour
A harbour created by constructing breakwaters, dredging channels, or building piers where natural shelter is insufficient.
e.g. Chennai port is an artificial harbour built in 1859, but it is not suitable for large ships due to shallow waters.
Land Locked Harbour
A harbour that is not directly open to the sea but is connected to it by a man-made channel cut through rock or sand.
e.g. Visakhapatnam port is a land-locked harbour connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand.
Import Substitution
A policy aimed at replacing foreign imports with domestic production to reduce dependence on other countries.
e.g. India attempted import substitution after independence, but the balance of payment remained adverse as imports still exceeded exports.
Liberal Policies
Government measures such as import liberalisation, reduction in import duties, delicensing, and change from process to product patents to boost trade.
e.g. India adopted import liberalisation to double its share in international trade within five years.
Major Ports
Ports where the central government decides policy and plays regulatory functions; India has 12 major ports.
e.g. Deendayal Port (Kandla), Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Chennai, and Kolkata are major ports.
Minor Ports
Ports whose policy and functions are regulated by state governments; India has about 200 minor or intermediate ports.
e.g. Many minor ports along the west coast handle local trade and fishing activities.
UDAN Scheme
A government scheme (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) to operationalize unserved or underserved airports, including heliports and water aerodromes.
e.g. Under UDAN, 73 airports including 9 heliports and 2 water aerodromes were operationalized by 2023.
How It Works
Change in Composition of India's Exports (1950s to 2020s)
  1. Step 1: In the 1950s-60s, India exported traditional agricultural items like cashew, tea, and jute, with manufactured goods having a smaller share.
  2. Step 2: Over time, the share of agriculture and allied products declined from 12.6% (2015-16) to 11.9% (2021-22) due to tough international competition.
  3. Step 3: The share of manufactured goods decreased from 72.9% (2015-16) to 67.8% (2021-22), but engineering goods showed significant growth.
  4. Step 4: The share of crude petroleum and products increased from 11.9% (2015-16) to 16.4% (2021-22).
  5. Step 5: Gems and jewellery contributed a larger share, while floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products, and sugar registered increases.
💡 Students often think manufactured goods share increased, but it actually decreased; engineering goods within that category grew, but overall share fell.
Change in Composition of India's Imports (1950s to 2020s)
  1. Step 1: In the 1950s-60s, India faced food shortages and imported foodgrains, capital goods, machinery, and equipment.
  2. Step 2: After the Green Revolution (1970s), foodgrain imports were discontinued.
  3. Step 3: The energy crisis of 1973 pushed up petroleum prices, so foodgrain imports were replaced by fertilisers and petroleum.
  4. Step 4: In 2021-22, fuel (coal, POL) accounted for 31.6% of imports, capital goods declined to 10.1%, and food and allied products fell to 4.4%.
  5. Step 5: Other major imports include pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, gold, silver, non-ferrous metals, edible oils, and chemicals.
💡 Students often forget that foodgrain imports stopped due to the Green Revolution, not because India became self-sufficient in all food items.
Role of Ports as Gateways of International Trade
  1. Step 1: India's long coastline and sea from three sides provide natural advantages for port development.
  2. Step 2: The British used ports as 'suction points' to extract resources from hinterlands, extending railways to link local to international markets.
  3. Step 3: After partition (1947), India lost Karachi (to Pakistan) and Chittagong (to Bangladesh), prompting development of Kandla and Diamond Harbour.
  4. Step 4: Post-independence, port capacity grew from 20 million tonnes (1951) to over 837 million tonnes (2016).
  5. Step 5: Modernisation now involves private entrepreneurs, and ports handle both domestic and overseas trade with modern infrastructure.
💡 The west coast has more ports than the east coast, and the term 'pattan' in place names indicates historical port towns.
Determining Direction of Trade
  1. Step 1: India has trade relations with most countries and major trading blocs worldwide.
  2. Step 2: Region-wise trade data for 2021-22 shows Asia and ASEAN as the largest import source (Rs. 29,18,577 crore), followed by Europe (Rs. 6,40,577 crore).
  3. Step 3: Most foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes, with a small portion via land routes to neighbours like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
  4. Step 4: India aims to double its share in international trade by adopting import liberalisation, reducing duties, and changing patent laws.
💡 Students often confuse 'direction' with 'composition' — direction is about which countries, composition is about which commodities.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing 'Volume' with 'Composition' of Trade
✗ India's trade volume increased because the composition changed from agriculture to manufactured goods.
→ Volume refers to the total monetary value of trade (e.g., Rs. 1,214 crore to Rs. 77,19,796 crore), while composition refers to the types of goods traded. They are separate concepts.
✓ India's trade volume increased sharply from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21 due to manufacturing growth, liberal policies, and market diversification. The composition changed with a decline in agricultural exports and a rise in petroleum product exports.
⚠ Mistaking 'Trade Balance' for 'Total Trade'
✗ India's trade balance in 2021-22 was Rs. 45,72,775 crore because that is the import value.
→ Trade balance is the difference between exports and imports, not the import value alone. In 2021-22, exports were Rs. 31,47,021 crore and imports were Rs. 45,72,775 crore, so the trade balance was -Rs. 14,25,753 crore.
✓ India's trade balance in 2021-22 was negative at -Rs. 14,25,753 crore, meaning imports exceeded exports by that amount.
⚠ Thinking 'Manufactured Goods' Share Increased in Exports
✗ The share of manufactured goods in India's exports increased from 2015-16 to 2021-22.
→ The table shows manufactured goods share decreased from 72.9% in 2015-16 to 67.8% in 2021-22. However, engineering goods within this category showed significant growth.
✓ The share of manufactured goods in India's exports declined from 72.9% (2015-16) to 67.8% (2021-22), but engineering goods within this category registered significant growth.
⚠ Confusing 'Natural Harbour' with 'Artificial Harbour'
✗ Chennai port is a natural harbour because it is on the coast.
→ Chennai port is explicitly stated as an artificial harbour built in 1859. A natural harbour, like Mumbai, has natural shelter from wind and waves without major construction.
✓ Chennai port is an artificial harbour built in 1859, while Mumbai port is a natural harbour with 54 berths and the country's largest oil terminal.
⚠ Assuming All Ports Have Fixed Hinterlands
✗ The hinterland of Mumbai port is only Maharashtra.
→ The hinterland of a port is not fixed and can overlap with other ports. Mumbai's hinterland includes Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.
✓ The hinterland of Mumbai port includes Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan, and it may overlap with hinterlands of other ports.
⚠ Forgetting the Reason for Foodgrain Import Discontinuation
✗ India stopped importing foodgrains because of the energy crisis of 1973.
→ Foodgrain imports were discontinued after the 1970s due to the success of the Green Revolution, not the energy crisis. The energy crisis pushed up petroleum prices, which then replaced foodgrains as a major import item.
✓ Foodgrain imports were discontinued after the 1970s due to the success of the Green Revolution, but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed up petroleum prices, making petroleum a major import item instead.
Compare & Contrast
Definition and role in trade balance
Exports
Imports
Exports are goods sold to other countries, earning foreign exchange; imports are goods bought from other countries, spending foreign exchange. When imports exceed exports, the trade balance is negative (adverse).
Method of formation
Natural Harbour
Artificial Harbour
A natural harbour (e.g., Mumbai, Cochin) has natural shelter from wind and waves due to landform; an artificial harbour (e.g., Chennai) requires construction of breakwaters, dredging, or piers to provide shelter.
Administrative control and size
Major Ports
Minor Ports
Major ports (12 in number) are regulated by the central government and handle a larger share of total traffic; minor ports (about 200) are regulated by state governments and handle smaller volumes.
Number and historical development
West Coast Ports
East Coast Ports
The west coast has more ports than the east coast, partly due to historical sea-faring traditions and place names suffixed with 'pattan' meaning port; the east coast has fewer but important ports like Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Paradwip.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each) on trade terms or port locations, 1 Short Answer (3 marks) on composition or direction of trade, 1 Long Answer (5 marks) on changing pattern of trade or description of major ports with hinterlands.
Most asked: Composition of India's exports and imports (with percentage data from tables) · Direction of India's trade (major trading partners and regions) · Names and locations of major ports with their hinterlands · Difference between natural and artificial harbours · Reasons for change in trade pattern (Green Revolution, energy crisis, liberal policies) · Trade balance and its significance
Don't skip: Describe the changing composition of India's export and import trade (5 marks) — requires quoting table data and explaining reasons.; Write a note on the changing nature of India's international trade (5 marks) — covers volume, composition, direction, and reasons.; Name the major ports of India on the east and west coasts and describe their hinterlands (5 marks).
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. International trade is mutually beneficial because no country is self-sufficient.
  2. India's external trade grew from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21.
  3. India's contribution to world trade is about one per cent of the total volume.
  4. The value of India's imports has consistently been higher than exports, leading to an adverse trade balance.
  5. In 2021-22, manufactured goods accounted for 67.8% of India's exports, while fuel (coal, POL) made up 31.6% of imports.
  6. Foodgrain imports were discontinued after the 1970s due to the success of the Green Revolution.
  7. The energy crisis of 1973 pushed up petroleum prices, making petroleum a major import item.
  8. India has 12 major ports and about 200 minor or intermediate ports.
  9. Mumbai is a natural harbour and the biggest port in India, with 54 berths and the country's largest oil terminal.
  10. Visakhapatnam port is a land-locked harbour connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand.
  11. Chennai port is an artificial harbour built in 1859, but it is not suitable for large ships due to shallow waters.
  12. The west coast of India has more ports than the east coast, with place names often suffixed with 'pattan' meaning port.
  13. Most of India's foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes, with a small portion via land routes to neighbouring countries.
  14. India aims to double its share in international trade by adopting import liberalisation, reduction in import duties, and delicensing.
  15. Under the UDAN scheme, 73 unserved/underserved airports including 9 heliports and 2 water aerodromes were operationalized by 2023.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. In which year did India's external trade value reach Rs. 77,19,796 crore?

  • A. 2015-16
  • B. 2020-21 ✓
  • C. 2018-19
  • D. 2016-17

Answer: B — The study material explicitly states that India's external trade rose to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21, showing massive growth from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51.

Q2. Which of the following commodities contributed the largest share to India's exports in 2021-22?

  • A. Agriculture and allied products
  • B. Ore and minerals
  • C. Manufactured goods ✓
  • D. Crude and petroleum products

Answer: C — Manufactured goods accounted for 67.8 per cent of India's total value of exports in 2021-22, the highest among all commodity groups.

Q3. What was the primary reason India stopped importing foodgrain after the 1970s?

  • A. Decrease in world foodgrain prices
  • B. Success of the Green Revolution ✓
  • C. Development of new trade routes
  • D. Reduction in population demand

Answer: B — The Green Revolution made India self-sufficient in foodgrain production, eliminating the need for imports that were critical during the 1950s and 1960s.

Q4. Study Table 8.4. Which import category showed the highest percentage in 2021-22?

  • A. Capital goods (10.1%)
  • B. Food and allied products (4.4%)
  • C. Fuel including coal and POL (31.6%) ✓
  • D. Paper and newsprint (0.7%)

Answer: C — Fuel (coal and petroleum products) constituted 31.6 per cent of India's imports in 2021-22, the largest category, indicating rising industrialisation and energy demands.

Q5. Which factor CANNOT be identified as a reason for the sharp rise in India's international trade since 1950-51?

  • A. Momentum picked up by manufacturing sectors
  • B. Liberal government policies
  • C. Diversification of markets
  • D. Complete elimination of trade deficit ✓

Answer: D — While manufacturing growth, liberal policies, and market diversification are real reasons for increased trade, India still maintains a trade deficit (imports > exports), which has not been eliminated.

Q6. Assertion: India imports edible oil despite having an agricultural economy. Reason: India's domestic oil production meets only a portion of the total demand from its growing population. Choose the correct answer:

  • A. Both assertion and reason are correct, and reason explains assertion ✓
  • B. Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason does not explain assertion
  • C. Assertion is correct, but reason is incorrect
  • D. Both assertion and reason are incorrect

Answer: A — India's agricultural capacity is insufficient to meet domestic edible oil demand due to population growth and rising living standards, making imports necessary despite agricultural strength.

Q7. Based on Table 8.2, compare the share of manufactured goods in exports between 2015-16 and 2021-22. What does this trend indicate?

  • A. Manufactured goods share increased from 72.9% to 77.8%
  • B. Manufactured goods share decreased from 72.9% to 67.8% ✓
  • C. Manufactured goods maintained a constant 70% share
  • D. Manufactured goods became zero in exports by 2021-22

Answer: B — Table 8.2 shows manufactured goods declined from 72.9% (2015-16) to 67.8% (2021-22), indicating increased competition and diversification of India's export basket toward petroleum products.

Q8. Why does India have more ports on its west coast than its east coast?

  • A. East coast has no natural harbours
  • B. West coast has shorter sea routes to major trading partners like Middle East and Europe, with better natural harbour facilities ✓
  • C. West coast receives more rainfall for port operations
  • D. East coast is blocked by neighbouring countries

Answer: B — Geographical advantages of the west coast include proximity to major trading blocs (EU, Middle East), shorter shipping distances, and naturally superior harbour infrastructure compared to the east coast.

Q9. Calculate the percentage growth in India's external trade value from 1950-51 (Rs. 1,214 crore) to 2020-21 (Rs. 77,19,796 crore). Which range is correct?

  • A. Approximately 50 times growth
  • B. Approximately 500 times growth
  • C. Approximately 6,000 times growth ✓
  • D. Approximately 60,000 times growth

Answer: C — Using formula: Growth = (77,19,796 ÷ 1,214) - 1 ≈ 6,300 times or 6,300% increase, indicating massive expansion in trade volume over 70 years due to liberalisation and industrialisation.

Q10. Observe the trade balance data in Table 8.1. What does the increasingly negative trade balance (from -1,25,725 crore in 2004-05 to -14,25,753 crore in 2021-22) suggest about India's economy?

  • A. India's economy is collapsing and becoming weaker
  • B. India imports more than it exports, but this reflects development phase—rising incomes increase demand for goods and energy ✓
  • C. India has stopped exporting entirely
  • D. India should immediately ban all imports to fix the deficit

Answer: B — Growing trade deficit is normal for developing economies transitioning to higher consumption levels; it reflects increased imports of capital goods, fuel, and raw materials needed for industrialisation and improved living standards, not economic weakness.

Flashcards

What was India's external trade value in 1950-51?

Rs. 1,214 crore.

Why does India import edible oil despite being agriculturally rich?

Domestic production is insufficient to meet the rising demand from a growing population and improved living standards.

What percentage of India's exports came from manufactured goods in 2021-22?

67.8 per cent.

Name one reason for the decline in traditional agricultural exports from India.

Tough international competition from other countries.

Which commodity group forms the largest share of India's imports in 2021-22?

Fuel (coal and petroleum products) at 31.6 per cent.

What is the main reason India stopped importing foodgrain after the 1970s?

Success of the Green Revolution made India self-sufficient in foodgrain production.

Which route carries most of India's foreign trade?

Sea routes carry the majority of India's foreign trade due to cost-effectiveness and capacity.

Name two commodities that are major items in India's import basket.

Petroleum products, capital goods, edible oils, and fertilisers are major import items.

What does a trade deficit mean?

Imports are greater in value than exports, resulting in negative trade balance.

Why does India have more ports on its west coast than east coast?

Geographical advantage of shorter sea routes to Middle East and Europe, and better natural harbours on the western coast.

Important Board Questions

Define international trade and state why no country can be completely self-sufficient. [2 marks]

Exchange of goods/services between nations. Self-sufficiency impossible because: unequal resource distribution (some countries have oil, some have minerals), labour specialisation advantages, and comparative cost differences.

Analyse the changing composition of India's exports from 2015-16 to 2021-22 (use Table 8.2). What do these changes reveal about India's economic transformation and international competitiveness? [5 marks]

Key shifts: manufactured goods declined 72.9% → 67.8%; petroleum products rose 11.9% → 16.4%; agriculture fell 12.6% → 11.9%. Reveals: declining competitiveness in traditional sectors due to global competition, growing energy processing capacity, shift toward value-added manufacturing (engineering goods, gems).

Explain why India still imports edible oil and fertilisers despite having a large agricultural economy. How does this reflect the nature of India's development challenge? (Use examples from Table 8.4 and 8.5 to support your answer.) [6 marks]

Edible oil import (141,532 crore in 2021-22) despite agriculture: domestic production meets only ~50% demand; rising consumption from 1.4 billion people exceeds supply. Fertiliser imports (105,796 crore): chemical fertilisers for high-yield farming require imports of raw materials. Reflects: population growth outpacing agricultural productivity; dependency on manufacturing-based economy rather than subsistence agriculture; need for intensive farming methods. Contrast with past: 1950s foodgrain imports → 1970s Green Revolution ended this → now petroleum products (31.6%) dominate imports, showing transition from food scarcity to energy-intensive development.

Assertion-Reason Questions for International Trade

Q1. Assertion (A):

India's international trade expanded from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21.

Reason (R):

Momentum from manufacturing sector growth, liberal government policies, and market diversification drove this expansion.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both statements are factually accurate. The expansion is directly caused by the factors mentioned in the reason—manufacturing momentum, policy liberalisation, and market diversification are the primary drivers of India's trade growth.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The share of manufactured goods in India's exports decreased from 72.9% in 2015-16 to 67.8% in 2021-22.

Reason (R):

This decline was due to tough international competition and lower demand for Indian manufactured products globally.

Answer: B — Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A — The assertion is correct based on Table 8.2. However, the reason is incomplete. While competition exists, the decline is also due to relative growth of other categories (crude petroleum increased from 11.9% to 16.4%). International demand for Indian manufactured goods remained strong; it's the percentage share that decreased as other commodities grew relatively faster.

Q3. Assertion (A):

India's import of fuel (Coal and POL) increased from 25.4% of total imports in 2015-16 to 31.6% in 2021-22.

Reason (R):

This increase reflects volatile international petroleum prices combined with India's rising industrialisation and improved living standards.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion (from Table 8.4) and reason are correct. Rising fuel import share directly indicates expanding industrial activity and higher energy consumption from improved living standards, while international price volatility adds to the import burden, making the reason a valid explanation.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for International Trade

Case Study:

A newspaper report from 2020 describes the relocation of a textile mill from Mumbai to a rural area in Gujarat. The report notes that the new location has lower land costs, access to a skilled but cheaper labour pool, and proximity to cotton-growing regions. However, the mill faced initial challenges in setting up power supply and transport connectivity.

Q1. Based on the passage, which factor most likely influenced the mill's decision to relocate from Mumbai to rural Gujarat?

  • A. Proximity to international ports
  • B. Availability of raw materials and lower production costs ✓
  • C. Better access to urban markets
  • D. Government subsidies for export-oriented units

Answer: B

Q2. The challenges faced by the mill in setting up power supply and transport connectivity highlight which concept from the chapter?

  • A. Industrial inertia
  • B. Footloose industries
  • C. Agglomeration economies
  • D. Infrastructure as a locational factor ✓

Answer: D

Q3. If the mill had stayed in Mumbai despite higher costs, which concept would best explain its continued operation there?

  • A. Market accessibility
  • B. Industrial inertia ✓
  • C. Raw material orientation
  • D. Labour availability

Answer: B

Q4. The passage suggests that the textile industry is primarily which type of industry based on its locational shift?

  • A. Raw material oriented industry ✓
  • B. Footloose industry
  • C. Market oriented industry
  • D. High technology industry

Answer: A

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for International Trade

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/2/1 · 1 mark

Which one of the following contributes maximum in India's export?

  • Agriculture and allied products
  • Ores and minerals
  • Manufactured goods
  • Mineral fuels and lubricants

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/1 · 5 marks

Analyse the importance of Indian seaports in the development of international trade.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/2/1 · 1 mark

Which one of the following ports is situated at 'Zuari Estuary'?

  • New Mangalore
  • Kochchi
  • Marmagao
  • Ennore

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/2 · 5 marks

Analyse the changes in India's composition of foreign trade.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/3 · 5 marks

Analyse the role of air transport in 'international trade' of India.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/4/1 · 5 marks

Analyse the changing pattern of export composition in India between 2009 to 2017.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/1 · 1 mark

Between 2010 − 11 and 2016 − 17, which one of the following regions had the lowest difference in imports ? Direction of India's Import Trade (in ₹ crore): Europe (323857 to 403972), Africa (118612 to 193327), North America (100602 to 195332), Latin America (64576 to 115762), Asia and ASEAN (1029881 to 1544520)

  • Europe
  • Africa
  • North America
  • Latin America

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/1 · 1 mark

Which one of the following shows the correct increase in imports with Africa between 2010 − 11 and 2016 − 17 ?

  • ₹ 74,715 crore
  • ₹ 74,315 crore
  • ₹ 74,115 crore
  • ₹ 74,015 crore

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/1 · 1 mark

Arrange the following regions of the world from the lowest to the highest order on the bases of imports during 2016 − 17 and choose the correct option: I. Europe II. Africa III. North America IV. Latin America

  • III, I, IV, II
  • III, I, II, IV
  • IV, II, III, I
  • IV, II, I, III

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/1 · 3 marks

Explain the main reasons for the increase in imports of petroleum in India.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/2 · 1 mark

Between 2010-11 and 2016-17, which one of the following regions had the lowest difference in imports? Direction of India's Import Trade (in ₹ crore): Europe (2010-11: 323857, 2016-17: 403972), Africa (2010-11: 118612, 2016-17: 193327), North America (2010-11: 100602, 2016-17: 195332), Latin America (2010-11: 64576, 2016-17: 115762), Asia and ASEAN (2010-11: 1029881, 2016-17: 1544520)

  • Europe
  • Africa
  • North America
  • Latin America

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/5/2 · 1 mark

Which one of the following shows the correct increase in imports with Africa between 2010-11 and 2016-17?

  • ₹ 74,715 crore
  • ₹ 74,315 crore
  • ₹ 74,115 crore
  • ₹ 74,015 crore

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Class 12 Geography Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 759 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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Class 12 Geography Map Work

All 99 places on the CBSE 2026-27 map list, with where each is and what to remember, marked with the board years (2022–2026) each was asked. Free PDF download.

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