StudyOSStudyOS CBSE Study Material, Class 5–12

Recording of Transactions - I

NCERT Class 11 · Accountancy Based on NCERT Class 11 Accountancy textbook · Free CBSE study kit

Everything you need to ace this chapter, in one place.
Notes · Mind Map · Quiz · Assertion-Reason · Case Studies · Question Bank · Past Papers

Get Full Study Kit →
Studying with friends? Send them this chapter.

Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter introduces the foundational steps of the accounting process: identifying business transactions, preparing source documents, recording them in the journal (book of original entry), and posting them to the ledger (principal book). The central idea is the double-entry system, where every transaction has equal debit and credit effects, ensuring the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Capital) always remains balanced. A student must understand that accurate recording begins with source documents, follows the rules of debit and credit, and culminates in ledger accounts that form the basis of financial statements.
Key Concepts (15)
Business Transaction
An exchange of economic consideration between parties that has two-fold effects and is recorded in at least two accounts.
e.g. Purchase of a computer for cash ₹35,000 involves giving cash and taking delivery of the computer.
Source Document
A document which provides evidence of a transaction, such as Cash memo, Invoice, Sales bill, Pay-in-slip, Cheque, or Salary slip.
e.g. The cash memo given by the computer dealer serves as the source document for the purchase.
Accounting Voucher
A document prepared on the basis of a source document that records the accounts to be debited and credited for a transaction.
e.g. A transaction voucher for a simple transaction with one debit and one credit.
Accounting Equation
The fundamental relationship stating that Assets of a business are always equal to the total of its Liabilities and Capital (Owner’s Equity).
e.g. If Rohit starts business with ₹5,00,000 cash, Assets (Cash) = ₹5,00,000 = Liabilities (₹0) + Capital (₹5,00,000).
Debit
An entry recorded on the left side of an account, representing an increase in assets or expenses/losses, or a decrease in liabilities, capital, or revenues/gains.
e.g. Debiting Cash account when cash is received.
Credit
An entry recorded on the right side of an account, representing an increase in liabilities, capital, or revenues/gains, or a decrease in assets or expenses/losses.
e.g. Crediting Capital account when the owner introduces capital.
Journal
The book of original entry where transactions are recorded in chronological order, with each entry showing the accounts to be debited and credited.
e.g. Recording the purchase of goods on credit from Govind Traders in the journal.
Ledger
The principal book of accounting that contains all accounts, where transactions from the journal are posted to individual accounts.
e.g. The Cash account in the ledger shows all cash receipts on the debit side and all cash payments on the credit side.
Narration
A brief description of the transaction written below the journal entry, explaining the purpose of the entry.
e.g. “(Purchase of goods-in-trade from Govind Traders)” written after the journal entry.
Compound Journal Entry
A journal entry that involves more than one debit or more than one credit account.
e.g. Purchasing office furniture for ₹25,000, paying ₹5,000 cash and owing ₹20,000 — debit Furniture ₹25,000, credit Cash ₹5,000 and Modern Furniture ₹20,000.
T-Account
A simple form of an account shaped like the letter T, with the left side for debit entries and the right side for credit entries.
e.g. A T-account for Cash with debit side showing receipts and credit side showing payments.
Posting
The process of transferring journal entries to the individual accounts in the ledger.
e.g. After journalising the sale to Rajani Enterprises, the debit of ₹35,000 is posted to Rajani Enterprises account and the credit to Sales account.
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
A comprehensive indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services, recorded through Input and Output accounts for CGST, SGST, and IGST.
e.g. When goods are bought within Delhi, Input CGST and Input SGST are debited at 5% each.
Input GST
The GST paid on purchases of goods or services, which can be set off against Output GST liability.
e.g. Input CGST of ₹5,000 on purchase of goods for ₹1,00,000.
Output GST
The GST collected on sales of goods or services, which is payable to the government after adjusting Input GST credit.
e.g. Output CGST of ₹6,750 on sale of goods for ₹1,35,000.
Formulas & Equations (3)
A = L + C
Reads as: Assets equals Liabilities plus Capital
Variables: A = Assets (resources owned by the business); L = Liabilities (claims of outsiders); C = Capital (owner's claim)
Use when: To verify the equality of the balance sheet after any transaction or to find a missing figure (e.g., Capital = A - L).
⚠ Students often forget that Capital includes profits and deducts losses and drawings, not just the initial investment.
A – L = C
Reads as: Assets minus Liabilities equals Capital
Variables: A = Assets; L = Liabilities; C = Capital
Use when: To calculate the owner's equity or capital when assets and liabilities are known.
⚠ Confusing this with A – C = L; students must carefully identify which component is missing.
A – C = L
Reads as: Assets minus Capital equals Liabilities
Variables: A = Assets; C = Capital; L = Liabilities
Use when: To compute total liabilities when assets and capital are given.
⚠ Forgetting to include all types of liabilities (both trade and non-trade creditors).
How It Works
Preparation of Accounting Vouchers
  1. Step 1: Identify the transaction and obtain the source document (e.g., cash memo, invoice).
  2. Step 2: Determine the type of voucher needed: Transaction Voucher (one debit, one credit), Debit Voucher (multiple debits, one credit), Credit Voucher (one debit, multiple credits), or Complex/Journal Voucher (multiple debits and credits).
  3. Step 3: Fill in the voucher with essential elements: firm name, date, voucher number, accounts to be debited/credited, amounts, narration, and signatures of preparer and authoriser.
  4. Step 4: Preserve the voucher for audit and tax assessment purposes.
💡 The date on the voucher must be the date of the transaction, not the date of recording. Vouchers must be serially numbered and kept in chronological order.
Analysing Transactions using the Accounting Equation
  1. Step 1: Identify the accounts affected (at least two).
  2. Step 2: Classify each account as Asset, Liability, Capital, Revenue, or Expense.
  3. Step 3: Determine the effect (increase or decrease) on each account.
  4. Step 4: Apply the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Capital. Ensure the equation remains balanced after the transaction.
  5. Step 5: Record the changes in an analysis table or directly in the balance sheet format.
💡 Every transaction affects at least two items, and the equation must always balance. Profit increases capital; loss and drawings decrease capital.
Applying Rules of Debit and Credit
  1. Step 1: Classify the account into one of five categories: Asset, Liability, Capital, Expense/Loss, or Revenue/Gain.
  2. Step 2: For Assets and Expenses/Losses: Increase = Debit, Decrease = Credit.
  3. Step 3: For Liabilities, Capital, and Revenues/Gains: Increase = Credit, Decrease = Debit.
  4. Step 4: Record the transaction with the debit entry first, then the credit entry, with the word 'To' before the credit account in the journal.
💡 Debit does not always mean increase; it depends on the type of account. For liabilities and capital, debit means decrease.
Journalising Transactions
  1. Step 1: Analyse the transaction to determine which accounts are debited and credited.
  2. Step 2: Write the date in the Date column.
  3. Step 3: In the Particulars column, write the name of the account to be debited on the first line, followed by 'Dr.' at the end of the column.
  4. Step 4: On the next line, indented, write 'To' followed by the name of the account to be credited.
  5. Step 5: Below the entry, write a brief narration explaining the transaction.
  6. Step 6: Enter the debit amount in the Debit Amount column and the credit amount in the Credit Amount column.
  7. Step 7: Draw a line across the Particulars column to separate entries.
💡 The Ledger Folio (L.F.) column is filled only at the time of posting, not during journalising. The total debits must equal total credits for each entry.
Posting to Ledger
  1. Step 1: Open a separate account in the ledger for each account title used in the journal.
  2. Step 2: For each journal entry, locate the account to be debited. On the debit side of that ledger account, enter the date, the name of the corresponding credit account in the Particulars column, the journal page number in the J.F. column, and the amount.
  3. Step 3: For the credit part of the entry, locate the account to be credited. On the credit side of that ledger account, enter the date, the name of the corresponding debit account in the Particulars column, the journal page number, and the amount.
  4. Step 4: After posting, update the L.F. column in the journal with the ledger page number where the posting was made.
💡 Posting is done from journal to ledger. The 'Particulars' column in the ledger shows the contra account (the other account involved in the entry).
Recording GST in Journal Entries
  1. Step 1: Determine the applicable GST rates (e.g., CGST 5% + SGST 5% for intra-state; IGST for inter-state).
  2. Step 2: On purchases: Debit the Purchase/Expense account, Debit Input CGST and Input SGST (or Input IGST), and Credit the supplier or bank.
  3. Step 3: On sales: Debit the customer or bank, Credit Sales account, Credit Output CGST and Output SGST (or Output IGST).
  4. Step 4: At the end of the period, set off Input GST against Output GST. Output CGST is set off first against Input CGST, then Input IGST; Output SGST is set off against Input SGST; Output IGST is set off against Input IGST.
  5. Step 5: Pay any remaining GST liability through the Electronic Cash Ledger.
💡 Input GST is an asset (receivable from government), Output GST is a liability (payable to government). IGST credit can be used to set off CGST first, then SGST.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Debit always means increase
✗ Debit means increase and credit means decrease.
→ This is only true for asset and expense accounts. For liabilities, capital, and revenue accounts, debit means decrease and credit means increase.
✓ Debit indicates an increase in assets and expenses, and a decrease in liabilities, capital, and revenues. Credit indicates an increase in liabilities, capital, and revenues, and a decrease in assets and expenses.
⚠ Omitting narration in journal entry
✗ A journal entry without any explanation below it.
→ Narration is a required part of a journal entry as per the chapter; it provides a brief description of the transaction. Without it, the entry is incomplete.
✓ Always write a brief narration in brackets below the journal entry, e.g., '(Being goods sold on credit).'
⚠ Confusing Input GST and Output GST
✗ Input GST is credited and Output GST is debited.
→ Input GST is an asset (amount paid to suppliers), so it is debited. Output GST is a liability (amount collected from customers), so it is credited.
✓ Input GST is debited (asset), Output GST is credited (liability). At the time of set-off, Output GST is debited and Input GST is credited.
⚠ Forgetting to update Ledger Folio in journal
✗ Students leave the L.F. column blank or fill it during journalising.
→ The L.F. column in the journal is filled only at the time of posting to the ledger, not when the journal entry is first written.
✓ Leave the L.F. column blank while journalising. After posting the entry to the ledger, write the ledger page number in the L.F. column of the journal.
⚠ Misapplying the accounting equation for profit transactions
✗ When goods costing ₹25,000 are sold for ₹35,000, students only record the decrease in stock and increase in cash/debtors, forgetting the profit effect on capital.
→ The profit of ₹10,000 increases capital. The equation must reflect: Assets increase by net ₹10,000 (₹35,000 - ₹25,000) and Capital increases by ₹10,000.
✓ Record the transaction as: Decrease Stock (Asset) by ₹25,000, Increase Debtors (Asset) by ₹35,000, and Increase Capital by ₹10,000 (profit).
Compare & Contrast
Nature of record
Journal
Ledger
Journal is the book of first entry (original entry) where transactions are recorded chronologically; Ledger is the book of second entry where transactions are classified account-wise.
Basis of classification
Journal
Ledger
In Journal, classification is based on the transaction as a whole; in Ledger, classification is based on individual accounts.
Number of accounts
Simple Journal Entry
Compound Journal Entry
A simple journal entry involves only two accounts (one debit and one credit); a compound journal entry involves more than two accounts (multiple debits and/or multiple credits).
Structure of accounts
Debit Voucher
Credit Voucher
A Debit Voucher has multiple debit accounts and one credit account; a Credit Voucher has one debit account and multiple credit accounts.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: Typically 2-3 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 very short answer (1-2 marks), 1 short answer (3 marks) on journal entries or accounting equation, and 1 long answer (5-6 marks) involving journalising and posting or GST accounting.
Most asked: Accounting equation and its application to various transactions · Rules of debit and credit for different types of accounts · Journalising transactions (including GST entries) · Posting journal entries to ledger accounts · Preparation of accounting vouchers (types and essential elements)
Don't skip: Journal entries with GST (CGST, SGST, IGST) — often a 5-6 mark question; Proving the accounting equation remains balanced after a series of transactions (analysis table); Compound journal entries and their posting to ledger
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. Every business transaction involves a give and take aspect, affecting at least two accounts.
  2. Source documents like cash memos and invoices provide evidence for transactions.
  3. Accounting vouchers are prepared from source documents and show accounts to be debited and credited.
  4. The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Capital, and it must always balance.
  5. Debit means left side; credit means right side of an account.
  6. Increase in assets is debited; decrease in assets is credited.
  7. Increase in liabilities and capital is credited; decrease is debited.
  8. Increase in expenses/losses is debited; increase in revenues/gains is credited.
  9. Journal is the book of original entry where transactions are recorded chronologically.
  10. Each journal entry must have a narration explaining the transaction.
  11. Ledger is the principal book containing all accounts, and posting transfers journal entries to ledger.
  12. Input GST is debited (asset); Output GST is credited (liability).
  13. IGST credit can be used to set off CGST first, then SGST.
  14. Compound journal entries involve more than one debit or credit.
  15. The accounting equation can be rearranged as A – L = C or A – C = L to find missing figures.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. A cash memo provided by a shopkeeper when goods are purchased for cash is an example of:

  • A. Source document/voucher ✓
  • B. Journal entry
  • C. Ledger account
  • D. Trial balance

Answer: A — A cash memo is a source document that provides evidence of a transaction and forms the basis for preparing an accounting voucher.

Q2. Which of the following statements about business transactions is correct?

  • A. A transaction can affect only one account
  • B. A transaction involves exchange of economic consideration with dual (Give and Take) effects ✓
  • C. All transactions require a source document prepared by the business
  • D. Transactions are recorded based on when they are recorded, not when they occur

Answer: B — Every business transaction has a two-fold effect: the Give aspect (what is given/given up) and the Take aspect (what is received), recorded in at least two accounts.

Q3. The accounting equation A = L + C shows that:

  • A. Assets must always exceed liabilities
  • B. Total resources equal total claims on those resources ✓
  • C. Capital must be greater than liabilities
  • D. Liabilities and capital are the same thing

Answer: B — The accounting equation demonstrates the fundamental balance: assets financed by creditors (liabilities) and owner (capital) must always equal the total claims on business resources.

Q4. A voucher prepared for a transaction where cash is received from a customer in exchange for goods sold involves:

  • A. Debiting Cash and Crediting Sales account ✓
  • B. Debiting Sales and Crediting Cash account
  • C. Debiting both Cash and Sales accounts
  • D. Crediting both Cash and Sales accounts

Answer: A — When cash is received, the Cash account (asset) increases and must be debited; Sales account (revenue) increases and must be credited—the Give (cash out) and Take (goods out) principle.

Q5. Which type of voucher would be prepared if a business purchases office supplies worth ₹5,000 by writing three separate cheques to three different suppliers for ₹2,000, ₹2,000, and ₹1,000?

  • A. Simple transaction voucher
  • B. Debit voucher with one credit account (Bank) and three debit accounts (three suppliers) ✓
  • C. Credit voucher with three credit accounts and one debit account
  • D. Complex journal voucher with multiple debits and credits

Answer: B — Paying suppliers by cheque decreases Bank (a single credit) while each supplier's account is debited to record the amount paid to them; multiple debits and one credit make this a debit voucher.

Q6. Identify which of the following is NOT an essential element of an accounting voucher:

  • A. Date of transaction (not recording date)
  • B. Names and signatures of preparer and authorised person
  • C. The profit earned in the current year ✓
  • D. Serial voucher number in order

Answer: C — Profit/financial results are not part of a transaction voucher; essential elements include transaction date, serial number, account names, amounts, narration, and authorisation signatures.

Q7. When a business purchases furniture for ₹10,000 by paying cash and taking a bank loan for the balance, which accounting equation holds true immediately after the transaction?

  • A. A = L + C (with Assets increasing by ₹10,000 and Liabilities increasing by amount of loan) ✓
  • B. A = L + C (with Assets decreasing and Capital increasing)
  • C. A = L + C (with both Assets and Capital decreasing equally)
  • D. The equation breaks because multiple transactions occurred

Answer: A — Furniture (asset) increases by ₹10,000; Cash (asset) decreases and Bank Loan (liability) increases; the net effect is A increases and L increases, keeping A = L + C balanced.

Q8. A voucher shows: Debit—Rent Expense ₹5,000; Credit—Cash ₹5,000. This is which type of voucher, and what does it represent?

  • A. Compound debit voucher representing rent paid
  • B. Simple transaction voucher for payment of rent expense ✓
  • C. Complex journal voucher requiring multiple authorisations
  • D. Credit voucher with only one account affected

Answer: B — One debit account (Rent) and one credit account (Cash) make this a simple transaction voucher; it records a single business event—paying rent in cash.

Q9. According to CBSE Class 11 Accountancy syllabus, why must the transaction date (not recording date) be entered on an accounting voucher?

  • A. To make the voucher look more professional
  • B. Because accounting records events when they occur, not when paperwork is completed; this ensures accurate financial reporting period classification ✓
  • C. Because the tax department requires transaction dates on all documents
  • D. To confuse auditors into accepting any recording delay

Answer: B — Accounting records transactions based on when the economic event occurred, not when it was recorded; using transaction date ensures the correct accounting period is affected and financial statements are accurate.

Q10. If a compound voucher shows Credit account: Accounts Payable ₹15,000 and Debit accounts include: Purchases ₹8,000, Stationery Expense ₹4,000, and Repairs ₹3,000, what does this voucher most likely represent?

  • A. Payment made to a supplier for three different types of purchases totalling ₹15,000 ✓
  • B. A purchase made on credit affecting multiple expense categories
  • C. A complex transaction requiring journal voucher, not compound voucher
  • D. Three separate simple transactions recorded together on one voucher

Answer: A — This is a debit voucher (multiple debits, one credit) representing a payment to a creditor; the firm is reducing its payable liability (₹15,000 credit) by paying cash and recording what was purchased—goods, stationery, and repairs on credit now being settled.

Flashcards

What is a source document in accounting?

A document like cash memo, invoice, or cheque that provides evidence of a business transaction occurring.

Define business transaction.

An exchange of economic consideration between parties that has a two-fold (Give and Take) effect recorded in at least two accounts.

What is an accounting voucher?

A document prepared from source documents showing the accounts to be debited and credited with amounts, authorised by appropriate authority, used as basis for journal entries.

State the accounting equation.

Assets = Liabilities + Capital, which shows that total resources equal total claims on those resources at any point in time.

What is a simple transaction voucher?

A voucher recording a transaction with exactly one debit account and one credit account for the same amount.

Distinguish between debit and credit vouchers.

A debit voucher has one credit account and multiple debit accounts; a credit voucher has one debit account and multiple credit accounts.

What is a complex/journal voucher?

A voucher recording a transaction with multiple debits and multiple credits, used when a single transaction affects more than two accounts.

Name three essential elements of an accounting voucher.

Date of transaction (not recording date), serial voucher number, names and amounts of accounts debited/credited, and authorisation signature.

Why must source documents be preserved?

They provide the audit trail and evidence needed for audits, tax assessments, and legal compliance for the relevant accounting period.

How does the accounting equation prove the dual effect of transactions?

When one account increases on one side, another must increase or decrease on the other side to keep Assets = Liabilities + Capital balanced.

Important Board Questions

Distinguish between a source document and an accounting voucher with one example of each. [2 marks]

Source document provides original evidence of transaction (e.g. cash memo, cheque); accounting voucher is prepared from source document showing accounts to be debited/credited with approval (e.g. transaction voucher). Remember source comes first, then voucher is created from it.

Explain the concept of dual effect in business transactions. How does the accounting equation A = L + C ensure this dual effect is correctly recorded? Provide a numerical example. [5 marks]

Dual effect means every transaction has Give (one account) and Take (another account) aspect. Use accounting equation to show both sides remain balanced. Example: Purchase equipment for ₹50,000 cash—Assets increase by ₹50,000 (equipment) but decrease by ₹50,000 (cash), so equation stays A = L + C. Show before and after positions.

A business makes the following transactions: (1) Owner invests ₹1,00,000 cash; (2) Purchases furniture ₹30,000 for cash; (3) Purchases goods ₹20,000 on credit. Prepare accounting vouchers for each transaction and explain how each voucher type is classified. Also verify that the accounting equation holds after all three transactions. [6 marks]

Transaction 1: Simple voucher (Debit Cash, Credit Capital). Transaction 2: Simple voucher (Debit Furniture, Credit Cash). Transaction 3: Simple voucher (Debit Purchases, Credit Accounts Payable). After all three: Assets = ₹1,00,000 + 30,000 = ₹1,30,000 (Cash ₹70,000 + Furniture ₹30,000 + Goods ₹30,000); Liabilities = ₹20,000 (Payable); Capital = ₹1,00,000. Verify: ₹1,30,000 = ₹20,000 + ₹1,00,000 + ₹10,000 profit from goods purchased. Show all voucher formats with essential elements (date, number, accounts, amounts, narration, signatures).

Assertion-Reason Questions for Recording of Transactions - I

Q1. Assertion (A):

A source document is an essential evidence for recording every business transaction in the books of account.

Reason (R):

Source documents provide proof of transaction details such as parties involved, amount, and date, which are required for accurate recording in accounts.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why source documents are essential. They serve as the foundation for transaction recording and provide audit trail evidence.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The accounting equation A = L + C must remain balanced after every business transaction.

Reason (R):

Business transactions affect the balance sheet accounts and have a two-fold effect, ensuring that total assets always equal total liabilities plus capital.

Answer: B — Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A — Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not fully explain the assertion. The real reason the equation remains balanced is that every transaction has equal and opposite effects on both sides of the equation, which goes deeper than just the two-fold effect description.

Q3. Assertion (A):

A debit voucher is suitable for recording transactions where multiple accounts are credited and one account is debited.

Reason (R):

Debit vouchers are specifically designed for transactions with a single credit and multiple debits affecting different accounts.

Answer: D — A is false but R is true — The assertion is false; a debit voucher is used when multiple accounts are debited and one account is credited (opposite of what is stated). The reason is also false as it contradicts the correct definition of a debit voucher, making this a false-false combination.

Unlock more Assertion-Reason questions in Premium — unlock →

Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Recording of Transactions - I

Case Study:

On 1st April 2025, Kavita started 'Kavita's Boutique' with cash ₹2,00,000, furniture ₹50,000, and a bank loan of ₹1,00,000 from SBI. During April 2025, she purchased goods for cash ₹40,000 and sold goods costing ₹30,000 for cash ₹45,000. She also paid rent ₹5,000 by cheque.

Q1. What is the total amount of assets on 1st April 2025 after Kavita started the business?

  • A. ₹2,50,000 ✓
  • B. ₹3,50,000
  • C. ₹3,00,000
  • D. ₹2,00,000

Answer: A

Q2. Which journal entry correctly records the purchase of goods for cash on 5th April 2025?

  • A. Debit Purchases A/c ₹40,000; Credit Cash A/c ₹40,000 ✓
  • B. Debit Cash A/c ₹40,000; Credit Purchases A/c ₹40,000
  • C. Debit Goods A/c ₹40,000; Credit Cash A/c ₹40,000
  • D. Debit Purchases A/c ₹40,000; Credit Bank A/c ₹40,000

Answer: A

Q3. The sale of goods costing ₹30,000 for ₹45,000 will result in which of the following effects on the accounting equation?

  • A. Increase in assets by ₹45,000 and increase in capital by ₹45,000
  • B. Increase in assets by ₹45,000, decrease in assets by ₹30,000, and increase in capital by ₹15,000 ✓
  • C. Increase in assets by ₹15,000 and increase in capital by ₹15,000
  • D. Increase in assets by ₹45,000 and decrease in liabilities by ₹45,000

Answer: B

Q4. If Kavita pays rent ₹5,000 by cheque, which accounts are affected and how?

  • A. Debit Rent A/c ₹5,000; Credit Cash A/c ₹5,000
  • B. Debit Bank A/c ₹5,000; Credit Rent A/c ₹5,000
  • C. Debit Rent A/c ₹5,000; Credit Bank A/c ₹5,000 ✓
  • D. Debit Capital A/c ₹5,000; Credit Bank A/c ₹5,000

Answer: C

Unlock more case studies in Premium — unlock →

Class 11 Accountancy Formula Sheet

Every formula, rule and format from the 8 chapters on one page, checked against the NCERT textbook and the CBSE 2026-27 syllabus. Free PDF download.

View the formula sheet →

Next chapterRecording of Transactions - II →
Found this useful? Share it with your class group.

You've seen the free preview. Open the full interactive study kit — mind map, instant-graded quiz, progress tracking — free, no sign-in required.

Open Full Study Kit — Free →

Premium unlocks the full Question Bank, Daily Practice Papers, Chapter Quiz and Full Mock Papers for every chapter.