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Gender, Religion and Caste

NCERT Class 10 · Social Science Based on NCERT Class 10 Social Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter explores how social divisions based on gender, religion, and caste are expressed in Indian politics. It examines the nature of these divisions, their impact on democracy, and whether such political expression is healthy or harmful. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that while social diversity exists, its political expression can be both positive (empowering disadvantaged groups) and negative (leading to communalism or casteism), and a secular, democratic framework is essential to manage it.
Key Concepts (15)
Sexual division of labour
A system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.
e.g. In most Indian families, women cook, clean, and look after children, while men work outside the home and are not expected to do household chores.
Feminist
A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
e.g. A male teacher who advocates for equal pay for female colleagues is a feminist.
Patriarchy
Literally, rule by father, this concept is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women.
e.g. In many Indian households, the father makes all major financial decisions, reflecting patriarchal values.
Feminist movements
Organised agitations by women in different parts of the world demanding equal rights, including voting rights, better educational and career opportunities, and equality in personal and family life.
e.g. The women's suffrage movement in the early 20th century that won voting rights for women in many countries.
Communal politics
The manner of using religion in politics in exclusive and partisan terms, where one religion and its followers are pitted against another, and state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest.
e.g. A political party appealing only to Hindu voters by using sacred symbols and claiming that Hinduism is superior to other religions.
Communalism
The belief that religion is the principal basis of social community, and that followers of a particular religion must belong to one community with the same fundamental interests, while people of different religions cannot belong to the same social community.
e.g. Believing that all Muslims in India have identical political interests and cannot share common goals with Hindus.
Family laws
Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.
e.g. Muslim personal law governs marriage and divorce for Muslims, while Hindu personal law applies to Hindus.
Secular state
A state with no official religion, which grants freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion, prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, and allows state intervention in religious matters to ensure equality.
e.g. India is a secular state because it has no state religion and treats all religions equally.
Caste hierarchy
A ladder-like formation in which all the caste groups are placed from the 'highest' to the 'lowest' castes.
e.g. In traditional Hindu society, Brahmins were at the top, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits at the bottom.
Urbanisation
Shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.
e.g. People moving from villages to cities like Mumbai or Delhi for jobs is urbanisation.
Occupational mobility
Shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.
e.g. A son of a farmer becoming an engineer is an example of occupational mobility.
Casteism
The belief that caste is the sole basis of social community, and that people belonging to the same caste have the same interests which they do not share with anyone from another caste.
e.g. Thinking that all Brahmins will vote for the same candidate because of their caste.
Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
An Act that provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work.
e.g. A female factory worker must be paid the same salary as a male worker doing the same job.
Child sex ratio
Number of girl children per thousand boys.
e.g. In 2011, India's child sex ratio was 919, meaning only 919 girls for every 1000 boys.
Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women's Reservation Act, 2023)
An Act passed in 2023 that gives 33 percent reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Delhi Assembly.
e.g. After this Act, one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha will be reserved for women candidates.
How It Works
How gender division leads to discrimination in India
  1. Boys and girls are socialised to believe that women's main responsibility is housework and child-rearing.
  2. This leads to sexual division of labour where women do all unpaid domestic work and men work outside.
  3. Women's work is not valued or recognised, even though they work longer hours than men.
  4. Women face lower literacy rates (54% vs 76% for men), fewer opportunities for higher education, and lower pay despite the Equal Remuneration Act.
  5. Sex-selective abortion leads to a declining child sex ratio (919 in 2011).
  6. Women face harassment, exploitation, and violence, both in public and at home.
💡 Students often forget that the majority of Indian women do paid work in addition to domestic labour, but their work remains unpaid and invisible.
How communal politics operates
  1. Religion is seen as the principal basis of social community.
  2. Followers of one religion are presented as superior to others.
  3. Demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
  4. State power is used to establish domination of one religious group over others.
  5. This leads to everyday religious prejudices, political mobilisation on religious lines, and eventually communal violence and riots.
💡 Students confuse communalism with secularism. Communalism is the misuse of religion in politics, not religion in politics itself.
How caste influences politics
  1. Political parties choose candidates keeping in mind the caste composition of the electorate.
  2. Parties make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support.
  3. Universal adult franchise compels leaders to mobilise support across castes.
  4. No constituency has a single caste majority, so parties need multi-caste support.
  5. Voters' attachment to political parties is often stronger than caste attachment.
  6. People within the same caste vote differently based on economic condition and government performance.
💡 Students think caste is the only factor in elections, but the chapter clearly states that no party wins all votes of a caste, and incumbents frequently lose.
How politics influences caste (politicisation of caste)
  1. Caste groups try to become bigger by incorporating neighbouring castes or sub-castes.
  2. Various caste groups enter into coalitions with other castes or communities.
  3. New kinds of caste groups like 'backward' and 'forward' castes emerge in the political arena.
  4. Disadvantaged castes use politics to demand share of power and end discrimination.
💡 Students often say 'politics gets caste-ridden', but the correct phrase is 'caste gets politicised' — politics influences caste, not the other way around.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing gender division with biological differences
✗ Gender division is based on biological differences between men and women.
→ The chapter explicitly states that gender division is not based on biology but on social expectations and stereotypes.
✓ Gender division is a hierarchical social division based on social expectations and stereotypes, not on biology.
⚠ Thinking all religious expression in politics is communalism
✗ Any involvement of religion in politics is communalism and is dangerous.
→ The chapter gives examples where religion in politics is positive, e.g., Gandhiji's view that politics must be guided by ethics from religion, or human rights groups demanding protection of minorities.
✓ Communalism is the use of religion in politics in exclusive and partisan terms, pitting one religion against another. Religion in politics is not wrong as long as it treats every religion equally.
⚠ Assuming caste is the sole determinant of election results
✗ Elections in India are entirely decided by caste, and voters always vote for candidates of their own caste.
→ The chapter provides four counter-arguments: no constituency has a single caste majority, no party wins all votes of a caste, many voters have no candidate from their caste, and incumbents frequently lose.
✓ While caste matters in elections, voters also consider party attachment, economic condition, government performance, and leadership. Caste alone cannot determine election results.
⚠ Mixing up 'politics in caste' and 'caste in politics'
✗ Caste in politics means caste groups influence politics, and politics in caste means politics influences caste — they are the same thing.
→ The chapter distinguishes them: 'caste in politics' is how caste affects politics (e.g., parties choosing candidates based on caste), while 'politics in caste' is how politics affects caste (e.g., caste groups forming coalitions and new identities).
✓ Caste in politics refers to the role caste plays in electoral politics, while politics in caste refers to how the political arena transforms caste identities and hierarchies.
⚠ Thinking India's secularism means complete separation of state and religion
✗ India is a secular state because the state is completely separate from religion and never intervenes in religious matters.
→ The chapter states that the Constitution allows the state to intervene in religious matters to ensure equality, e.g., banning untouchability. India's secularism is not a strict separation but a principled distance.
✓ India is a secular state because it has no official religion, grants freedom of religion, prohibits discrimination, and allows state intervention in religion to ensure equality.
Compare & Contrast
Basis of social division
Gender division
Caste division
Gender division is based on social expectations and stereotypes about roles of men and women, while caste division is based on hereditary occupational hierarchy sanctioned by rituals.
Core belief about social community
Communalism
Casteism
Communalism believes religion is the principal basis of social community, while casteism believes caste is the sole basis of social community.
Focus and method
Feminist movements
Women's political representation
Feminist movements are agitations for equal rights in all spheres (legal, educational, personal, family), while women's political representation specifically focuses on increasing the number of women in elected bodies through measures like reservation.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Short Answer (3 marks), 1 Long Answer (5 marks) — total 10 marks typically
Most asked: Gender division and discrimination against women in India · Communalism and its forms · Secular state and constitutional provisions · Caste inequalities and caste in politics · Women's political representation and reservation
Don't skip: Explain the various forms of communal politics with examples (5 marks); Discuss the status of women's representation in India and the Women's Reservation Act (5 marks); How does caste influence politics and how does politics influence caste? (5 marks); Describe the constitutional provisions that make India a secular state (3 marks)
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. Gender division is a hierarchical social division based on social expectations and stereotypes, not biology.
  2. Sexual division of labour assigns all domestic work to women and outside work to men.
  3. A feminist is any person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men.
  4. Patriarchy is a system that values men more and gives them power over women.
  5. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, mandates equal wages for equal work.
  6. India's child sex ratio in 2011 was 919 girls per 1000 boys.
  7. Communalism is the belief that religion is the principal basis of social community.
  8. Communal politics involves using religion in exclusive and partisan terms to pit one community against another.
  9. India is a secular state with no official religion, freedom to profess any religion, and prohibition of religious discrimination.
  10. The Constitution allows the state to intervene in religious matters to ensure equality, e.g., banning untouchability.
  11. Caste system is an extreme form of hereditary occupational division sanctioned by rituals.
  12. Caste inequalities persist despite constitutional prohibition of untouchability and economic development.
  13. No parliamentary constituency in India has a clear majority of one single caste.
  14. Caste in politics refers to how caste affects elections, while politics in caste refers to how politics transforms caste identities.
  15. The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (2023) reserves 33% of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women.
  16. Panchayati Raj bodies already have one-third seats reserved for women.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. A village in Maharashtra introduced a policy where all government school teachers must spend 2 hours every week on community activities like cleaning public spaces and mentoring children. Male teachers argue this takes away from their 'professional duties,' while female teachers perform both roles without complaint. Which concept from the chapter does this scenario best illustrate?

  • A. Patriarchy and the sexual division of labour that undervalues women's unpaid work ✓
  • B. The role of feminist movements in changing education policy
  • C. Gender equality as achieved in Indian schools post-independence
  • D. The equal remuneration act and its implementation in the public sector

Answer: A — The scenario shows how women are expected to perform additional unpaid labour (mentoring, community work) without recognition while men resist similar expectations, reflecting patriarchal norms where women's work is devalued; options B, C, and D do not address the unequal expectations placed on men and women.

Q2. Assertion (A): The literacy rate among women in India is only 54 per cent compared to 76 per cent among men according to the NCERT data presented. Reason (R): Parents prefer to spend resources on boys' education rather than equally on sons and daughters because of patriarchal social values. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — Both statements are factually correct per NCERT content, and the unequal parental resource allocation driven by patriarchal preferences directly explains why female literacy lags behind male literacy rates.

Q3. Based on the Time Use Survey data shown in the chapter, an average Indian woman works 7.5 hours daily while a man works 6.5 hours. Yet women's contribution is often not valued. What is the PRIMARY reason for this difference in recognition?

  • A. Women perform most of their work as unpaid household labour, while men's work generates visible income ✓
  • B. Women are less educated and therefore perform lower quality work
  • C. Women work fewer hours in income-generating activities by choice
  • D. Men are more efficient workers and complete their tasks faster

Answer: A — The survey data explicitly shows that while women work more hours overall, most is household-related and unpaid, making it invisible and undervalued compared to men's income-generating work; option B contradicts the chapter's discussion of girls' academic performance.

Q4. A news report states: 'In Scandinavian countries like Sweden, Norway, and Finland, women's participation in public life and politics is very high. These societies have implemented strong policies for gender equality.' What does this example suggest about gender division in democracies?

  • A. Gender division is biological and cannot be changed by any policy
  • B. Gender division is a social construct that can be reduced through democratic action and legal reforms ✓
  • C. Only Nordic countries can achieve gender equality; it is impossible in South Asia
  • D. Gender equality has been naturally achieved everywhere without need for feminist movements

Answer: B — The Scandinavian example demonstrates that patriarchal gender divisions are socially constructed and respond to political mobilization and policy intervention, directly contradicting option A; options C and D are factually incorrect generalizations.

Q5. Assertion (A): Feminist movements in various countries demanded only voting rights for women. Reason (R): Feminist movements demanded not only voting rights but also equal legal status, educational and career opportunities, and equality in personal and family life. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true ✓

Answer: D — Assertion A is false—the chapter explicitly states that feminist movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as well, not just voting rights. Reason R is true—it accurately captures the full scope of feminist demands including legal status, education, careers, and personal equality; D (A false, R true) is correct.

Q6. According to the chapter, a woman who works as a domestic helper in a middle-class home and also does unpaid housework in her own home is performing which type of labour?

  • A. Only paid income-generating work, which society recognizes and values
  • B. Only household labour, which remains unpaid and invisible
  • C. Both paid work and unpaid household labour, but only the latter faces invisibility and undervaluation ✓
  • D. Primarily leisure activities mixed with minimal household responsibilities

Answer: C — The chapter shows that poor women in urban areas work as domestic helpers (paid) while also managing their own households (unpaid), and emphasizes that women's unpaid household work remains invisible and undervalued despite its burden; option A ignores the unpaid labour component.

Q7. Assertion (A): The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides that equal wages should be paid for equal work. Reason (R): This act ensures that gender discrimination in wages has been completely eliminated in India. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false ✓
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: C — The chapter states the Act exists but immediately notes 'However...' indicating it has not been fully effective in eliminating discrimination; the existence of a law does not guarantee its complete implementation or elimination of discrimination in practice.

Q8. A young girl in an Indian village excels academically but is withdrawn from school by her parents to focus on household responsibilities. Which concept best explains this decision?

  • A. The girl's lack of intellectual capability compared to boys
  • B. The patriarchal values that prioritize boys' education and girls' domestic roles ✓
  • C. The government's policy of limited schooling for girls in villages
  • D. The girl's personal preference for household work over education

Answer: B — The chapter explicitly states that girls perform as well as or better than boys academically, but parents withdraw them because they 'prefer to spend their resources for their boys' education'—a patriarchal choice; option A contradicts the chapter's data on girls' performance.

Q9. Extract from a government report: 'Women in villages fetch water, collect fuel, and work in fields. Yet these activities are often not counted as 'work' in official statistics, unlike agricultural work done by men on the same fields.' What does this reflect about social attitudes towards gender and work?

  • A. Women's work in villages is lighter and requires less effort than men's work
  • B. Gender stereotypes determine which activities are recognized as 'real work,' leading to undervaluation of women's labour ✓
  • C. Agricultural departments deliberately exclude women's field work from statistics
  • D. Women naturally prefer unpaid labour and avoid income-generating activities

Answer: B — The scenario demonstrates how social perceptions based on gender stereotypes shape what is officially recognized as work, making identical or similar labour invisible when performed by women; option A is contradicted by evidence of women's labour intensity.

Q10. The chapter mentions that when household jobs like cooking and tailoring are paid work, men readily take them up, but when the same jobs are unpaid household work, men avoid them. What does this reveal about gender division?

  • A. Men are naturally unsuited for cooking and domestic tasks
  • B. Gender division is based on social expectations and stereotypes rather than inherent biological differences ✓
  • C. Women are inherently better at household tasks due to biological factors
  • D. Men and women have naturally different preferences that cannot be changed

Answer: B — The fact that men perform identical tasks when paid but avoid them when unpaid proves the division is social, not biological; if it were biological, men would avoid these tasks regardless of payment; options A, C, and D falsely attribute social divisions to nature.

Flashcards

What is sexual division of labour?

A system where all housework inside home is done by women or organised by them through domestic helpers based on social expectations.

Define patriarchy in simple terms.

A social system that values men more highly and gives them greater power and authority over women in family and society.

What are feminist movements?

Movements led by women and men demanding equal political rights, legal status, education, career opportunities, and equality in personal and family life.

Why is housework considered invisible work?

Because housework is unpaid, doesn't generate income, and society doesn't recognise it as valuable despite women spending more hours on it than paid work.

What does the 1998-99 Time Use Survey show about gender?

Indian women work 7.5 hours daily while men work 6.5 hours, but women's work is mostly unpaid household tasks making it invisible and undervalued.

State the gender literacy gap in India.

Female literacy rate is only 54 percent compared to male literacy rate of 76 percent, showing a 22 percent gap in educational access.

What does the Equal Remuneration Act 1976 provide?

It legally requires that equal wages must be paid for equal work regardless of gender, though this is often violated in practice.

What is child sex ratio and why is it declining?

Child sex ratio is the number of girl children per thousand boys; it declined to 919 due to sex-selective abortion where parents prefer sons over daughters.

How do Scandinavian countries like Sweden differ from India regarding gender?

Scandinavian countries have very high participation of women in public and political life, proving gender equality is possible unlike India's patriarchal society.

Why should housework be considered 'political'?

Because politics is about power, and male dominance in households means power inequality that affects women's participation in public politics and democracy.

Important Board Questions

Define sexual division of labour and explain why it makes women's work invisible in society. [2 marks]

Explain that sexual division of labour assigns housework to women and paid work to men; women's unpaid household work remains unvalued and invisible economically.

Why is gender division considered a political issue in a democratic society? Explain with one example. [3 marks]

Explain that politics involves power distribution; male dominance in homes affects women's participation in public/political life; example — lower literacy rates prevent women from voting or contesting elections.

Analyse the gender inequalities in India using evidence from the chapter. What measures have been taken to address these inequalities? [5 marks]

Present evidence: literacy gap (54% vs 76%), child sex ratio (919), time use survey (women work 7.5 hrs unpaid), unequal pay despite Equal Remuneration Act 1976; discuss feminist movements securing voting rights, legal reforms, and increased women in professions; acknowledge Scandinavian success; note India still patriarchal despite post-Independence progress.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Gender, Religion and Caste

Q1. Assertion (A):

Women constitute half of humanity but their role in public life and politics is minimal in most societies.

Reason (R):

Gender division based on social expectations confines women primarily to domestic roles, limiting their participation in public and political spheres.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why women's political participation is minimal—the sexual division of labour keeps them confined to households. This is the chapter's core argument about how private inequality translates to public political exclusion.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The declining child sex ratio in India is primarily due to advancing medical technology.

Reason (R):

Sex-selective abortion reflects patriarchal values and the devaluation of girls in society despite technological capability.

Answer: D — A is false but R is true — Both the assertion and reason are false. The assertion incorrectly blames technology rather than social attitudes. The reason is true but doesn't support a false assertion. The real cause is patriarchal preference for sons, not technology advancement itself.

Q3. Assertion (A):

The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 has successfully eliminated wage gaps between men and women in all sectors.

Reason (R):

Despite the legal provision for equal wages for equal work, women continue to earn less than men in sports, cinema, factories, and fields.

Answer: D — A is false but R is true — The assertion is false—the Act has not successfully eliminated wage gaps. The reason is true—the chapter clearly states women are paid less for equal work despite the law. This shows that legal provisions alone cannot overcome entrenched patriarchal practices without broader social change.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Gender, Religion and Caste

Case Study:

A research organization conducted a time use survey in six states across India. The data collected showed that adult women spend approximately 7.5 hours daily on various activities, while adult men spend about 6.5 hours. However, when the hours are broken down by activity type, women spend 5 hours on household and related work (cooking, cleaning, washing, childcare), while men spend only 30 minutes. Conversely, men spend 6 hours on income-generating activities like office work, farming, or business, while women spend only 2.67 hours on such paid work. The remaining hours for both genders are spent on leisure, sleep, self-care, and talking.

Q1. What is the total daily working time difference between an average woman and an average man in this survey?

  • A. Women work 1 hour more than men daily ✓
  • B. Men work 1 hour more than women daily
  • C. There is no difference in working hours
  • D. Women work 2 hours less than men daily

Answer: A

Q2. Why does the survey indicate that men's work is 'more visible' despite women working more hours?

  • A. Because men work outdoors while women work indoors
  • B. Because men's work generates income and is paid, while most of women's work is unpaid household labour ✓
  • C. Because men are naturally more productive workers
  • D. Because women's work is less important than men's work

Answer: B

Q3. What does this survey reveal about the sexual division of labour in Indian households?

  • A. The division has been completely eliminated in modern India
  • B. Women and men share household responsibilities equally
  • C. Women bear the primary responsibility for household work while men focus on income generation, despite women also contributing to paid work ✓
  • D. Men do more household work than women

Answer: C

Q4. If a woman from this survey conducted the time use survey in her own family and found similar patterns, what could she conclude?

  • A. Her family is unique and different from other Indian families
  • B. The national patterns of sexual division of labour also reflect her family structure ✓
  • C. Gender equality has been fully achieved in Indian households
  • D. Women naturally prefer to do household work

Answer: B

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Gender, Religion and Caste

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/2 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Assertion (A): The civil war in Sri Lanka resulted due to failure of political accommodation of ethnicity. Reason (R): The distrust between the Sinhala and Tamil communities turned into widespread conflict in Sri Lanka. Choose the correct option.

  • Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/2 · 2 marks

Suggest two measures to ensure equal opportunities for women in all professions.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/3 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): The civil war in Sri Lanka resulted due to failure of political accommodation of ethnicity. Reason (R): The distrust between the Sinhala and Tamil communities turned into widespread conflict in Sri Lanka.

  • Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/3 · 2 marks

Suggest two measures to involve women in educational development.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 2 marks

Suggest two ways to improve womens' participation in sports leadership roles.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/2 · 2 marks

Suggest any two measures to empower women in the field of technology.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/3 · 2 marks

Suggest any two ways to promote women in various professional fields.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/1 · 2 marks

Suggest any two measures to remove gender inequality.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 2 marks

Suggest any two measures to increase the number of women in legislatures of India.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/2 · 2 marks

Constitution of India provides to all citizens the freedom to profess [question incomplete in source]

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/3/1 · 1 mark

In which one of the following organs of India are women taking advantage of reservation ?

  • Municipality
  • Legislative Council
  • Rajya Sabha
  • Judiciary

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/3/1 · 1 mark

Which of the following statements represent gender equality ?

  • Restricting women from outside work
  • Restricting women to household chores.
  • Providing more rights to men.
  • Providing voting rights equally to men and women.

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Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 805 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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