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Political Parties

NCERT Class 10 · Social Science Based on NCERT Class 10 Social Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter explores the nature, necessity, and functioning of political parties in a democracy, with a special focus on India. It explains why parties are indispensable for representative democracies, how they perform key functions like contesting elections and forming governments, and what challenges they face, such as lack of internal democracy and dynastic succession. The big idea a student must walk away with is that political parties are the most visible face of democracy, and while they face serious challenges, they are essential for democratic governance and can be reformed through legal measures, public pressure, and active citizen participation.
Key Concepts (11)
Political party
A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
e.g. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) are political parties that contest elections and form governments at the national and state levels.
Partisan
A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue.
e.g. A voter who always supports the Congress Party without considering its policies is being partisan.
Ruling party
Political party that runs the government.
e.g. After the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, the BJP became the ruling party at the Centre.
One-party system
A system in which only one party is allowed to control and run the government. It is not a democratic option because the electoral system does not permit free competition for power.
e.g. China, where only the Communist Party is allowed to rule.
Two-party system
A system in which power usually changes between two main parties. Several other parties may exist, but only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form government.
e.g. The United States of America and the United Kingdom.
Multiparty system
A system in which several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others.
e.g. India, where the government is often formed by various parties coming together in a coalition.
Alliance or front
When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power.
e.g. In the 2004 parliamentary elections in India, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), and the Left Front were major alliances.
National parties
Country-wide parties that have their units in various states, following the same policies, programmes and strategy decided at the national level. Recognised by the Election Commission if they secure at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha.
e.g. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI-M), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), and National People’s Party (NPP) are the six recognised national parties as per the Election Commission notification in 2023.
State parties (regional parties)
Parties that are present in only one of the federal units. They are recognised by the Election Commission if they secure at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and win at least two seats.
e.g. Samajwadi Party (Uttar Pradesh), Biju Janata Dal (Odisha), and Telangana Rashtra Samithi (Telangana) are state parties.
Defection
Changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected (to a legislative body) to a different party.
e.g. An MLA elected on a Congress ticket later joining the BJP is an act of defection.
Affidavit
A signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding her personal information.
e.g. Every candidate contesting elections must file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
How It Works
How political parties contest elections
  1. Parties select their candidates in different ways; in India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.
  2. Candidates are put up by political parties, and elections are fought mainly among them.
  3. Parties put forward different policies and programmes, and voters choose from them.
  4. Parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which they support.
💡 Students often forget that in India, it is top party leaders who select candidates, not party members or supporters as in the USA.
How parties form and run governments
  1. Parties recruit leaders, train them, and then make them ministers to run the government.
  2. The big policy decisions are taken by the political executive that comes from the political parties.
  3. The ruling party bases its policies on the line taken by the party.
💡 Students must remember that the political executive (ministers) comes from the ruling party, not from the civil services.
How parties make laws
  1. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.
  2. Since most members belong to a party, they go by the direction of the party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
💡 Students often think that individual MLAs/MPs vote independently; in reality, they follow the party whip.
How parties shape public opinion
  1. Parties raise and highlight issues.
  2. They have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country.
  3. Many pressure groups are extensions of political parties.
  4. Parties sometimes launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
  5. Opinions in society crystallise on the lines parties take.
💡 Students forget that pressure groups are often linked to political parties, not always independent.
How parties provide access to government machinery
  1. For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer.
  2. Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands, otherwise people can reject them in the next elections.
💡 Students should note that this function explains why people feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them.
How a party is recognised as a national or state party by the Election Commission
  1. Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.
  2. The Commission offers special facilities to large and established parties, including a unique symbol.
  3. A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party.
  4. A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
💡 Students often confuse the criteria: for national party, it is six per cent votes in four states OR Lok Sabha elections, and at least four Lok Sabha seats.
How the anti-defection law works
  1. The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
  2. If any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.
  3. This has helped bring defection down but has made any dissent even more difficult.
💡 Students must remember that the anti-defection law does not apply to mergers of parties, only to individual defections.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing 'partisan' with 'partial' or 'biased' in a negative sense
✗ Partisan means being biased and unfair.
→ The chapter defines partisan as being strongly committed to a party, which is a neutral description of a political reality, not necessarily negative. Partisanship is a natural feature of parties.
✓ A partisan is a person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction. Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view on an issue.
⚠ Thinking one-party system is democratic
✗ One-party system is a type of democracy where only one party rules.
→ The chapter clearly states that one-party system is not a democratic option because the electoral system does not permit free competition for power.
✓ One-party system is not a democratic option because any democratic system must allow at least two parties to compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power.
⚠ Mixing up the criteria for national and state parties
✗ A national party must secure six per cent of votes in Lok Sabha elections and win at least two seats.
→ The criteria for a national party is six per cent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections OR Assembly elections in four States, AND at least four seats in the Lok Sabha. For a state party, it is six per cent of votes in a state Assembly election and at least two seats in that Assembly.
✓ A national party must secure at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four States and win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha. A state party must secure at least six per cent of the total votes in a state Assembly election and win at least two seats in that Assembly.
⚠ Assuming that all regional parties are regional in ideology
✗ State parties are always regional in their ideology and outlook.
→ The chapter states that state parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some, like Samajwadi Party and Rashtriya Janata Dal, have national-level political organisation with units in several states.
✓ State parties are commonly referred to as regional parties, but they need not be regional in ideology or outlook. Some have national-level political organisation with units in several states.
⚠ Thinking that the anti-defection law allows dissent within the party
✗ The anti-defection law allows MLAs and MPs to express dissent freely.
→ The chapter says that while the anti-defection law has reduced defection, it has made any dissent even more difficult because MPs and MLAs have to accept whatever the party leaders decide.
✓ The anti-defection law has reduced defection but has made dissent even more difficult, as MPs and MLAs must accept whatever the party leaders decide.
Compare & Contrast
Number of parties that can realistically form government
One-party system
Two-party system
In a one-party system, only one party is allowed to rule (e.g., China), whereas in a two-party system, power usually changes between two main parties (e.g., USA, UK).
Number of parties with a realistic chance of forming government
Two-party system
Multiparty system
In a two-party system, only two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority seats (e.g., USA), whereas in a multiparty system, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power, often through coalitions (e.g., India).
Geographical presence and recognition criteria
National party
State party
A national party has units in several or all states and must secure at least six per cent of votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and win at least four Lok Sabha seats. A state party is present in only one state and must secure at least six per cent of votes in a state Assembly election and win at least two seats in that Assembly.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Very Short Answer (1 mark), 1 Short Answer (3 marks), 1 Long Answer (5 marks). Total: 11 marks.
Most asked: Functions of political parties · Challenges faced by political parties (especially lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, money and muscle power, and lack of meaningful choice) · Party systems (one-party, two-party, multiparty) with examples · National parties in India (names, symbols, ideologies, and key facts) · Reforms to strengthen political parties (anti-defection law, affidavit, internal elections, women quota, state funding)
Don't skip: Long answer question on functions of political parties (5 marks) – must list and explain all 7 functions with examples.; Long answer question on challenges faced by political parties and suggested reforms (5 marks) – must cover all four challenges and at least three reforms.; Short answer question on party systems (3 marks) – compare one-party, two-party, and multiparty systems with examples.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government to promote collective good.
  2. Parties have three components: leaders, active members, and followers.
  3. The seven functions of political parties are: contest elections, put forward policies, make laws, form and run governments, play the role of opposition, shape public opinion, and provide access to government machinery.
  4. In a one-party system, only one party is allowed to rule; it is not democratic (e.g., China).
  5. In a two-party system, power alternates between two main parties (e.g., USA, UK).
  6. In a multiparty system, several parties compete and often form coalitions (e.g., India).
  7. India has a multiparty system because of its social and geographical diversity.
  8. A national party must secure at least six per cent of votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and win at least four Lok Sabha seats.
  9. A state party must secure at least six per cent of votes in a state Assembly election and win at least two seats in that Assembly.
  10. The six recognised national parties as per 2023 are BJP, INC, CPI-M, BSP, AAP, and NPP.
  11. The four main challenges to political parties are: lack of internal democracy, dynastic succession, role of money and muscle power, and lack of meaningful choice to voters.
  12. The anti-defection law says that if an MLA or MP changes parties, they lose their seat in the legislature.
  13. The Supreme Court made it mandatory for candidates to file an affidavit giving details of their property and criminal cases.
  14. Suggested reforms include: regulating internal affairs of parties, giving one-third tickets to women, and state funding of elections.
  15. Citizens can reform parties by putting pressure through petitions, publicity, and agitations, or by joining political parties themselves.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. A local farmer in rural Bihar approaches his village's political party leader to get a government welfare scheme applied instead of contacting the government officer directly. Which function of political parties does this scenario illustrate?

  • A. Providing people access to government machinery and welfare schemes ✓
  • B. Forming and running governments
  • C. Playing the role of opposition to parties in power
  • D. Shaping public opinion through movements

Answer: A — The scenario directly shows how ordinary citizens find it easier to approach party leaders for government services rather than officials, which is the access function; option B is incorrect because the farmer is not contesting elections or making policy decisions.

Q2. Assertion (A): Political parties in India are essential for democratic functioning because they contest elections and form governments. Reason (R): About a hundred years ago, most countries did not have political parties, but now almost all democracies have them. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A ✓
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: B — Both statements are factually correct—parties do contest elections and the historical spread of parties is accurate—but the historical fact does not explain why parties are essential for democracy; the explanation lies in their functional role, not their historical emergence.

Q3. During a parliament session, a legislator who personally disagrees with a government bill votes in favour of it. Which function of political parties best explains this behaviour?

  • A. Parties play a decisive role in making laws because members follow party leadership direction ✓
  • B. Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues
  • C. Parties provide access to government welfare schemes
  • D. Parties contest elections by selecting candidates

Answer: A — The legislator's voting against personal opinion but following party direction directly illustrates how party leadership controls the legislative process; option B is incorrect because shaping opinion does not explain why a legislator would vote against their beliefs.

Q4. Read the excerpt: 'A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.' Based on this definition, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a political party?

  • A. Parties must have agreed-upon policies and programmes
  • B. Parties aim to promote individual interests of their leaders ✓
  • C. Parties seek to win elections and hold government power
  • D. Parties represent a part of society and involve partisanship

Answer: B — The definition explicitly states parties aim for 'collective good,' not individual interests; parties are inherently partial and represent segments of society, making option B contradictory to the chapter's core definition.

Q5. Assertion (A): Political parties reduce a vast multitude of public opinions into a few basic positions for government policy-making. Reason (R): In democracies, governments cannot implement policies based on every individual citizen's unique opinion. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — Both statements are true and R directly explains why A exists—because governments cannot handle infinite individual opinions, parties aggregate them into coherent positions, making this a valid cause-and-effect relationship.

Q6. A political party loses elections and immediately begins criticising government policies on healthcare and education in parliament. Which of the following best describes this action?

  • A. The party is fulfilling its opposition role to voice different views and criticise failures ✓
  • B. The party is attempting to launch movements for public support
  • C. The party is trying to shape public opinion by raising new issues
  • D. The party is providing access to government welfare schemes

Answer: A — The opposition party's criticism of government policies in parliament is the classic opposition function described in the chapter; option C is incorrect because raising issues is part of the opposition role but the primary function here is voicing criticism on specific policy failures.

Q7. Assertion (A): Political parties are identified with social and political divisions in society. Reason (R): Parties are partisan and represent the interests of the part of society they stand for. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — Both statements are true and R explains A—because parties are by nature partisan and represent specific societal segments (not the whole), they inevitably reflect and embody social divisions, making this a valid logical explanation.

Q8. Read the passage: 'Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups are extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Parties sometimes also launch movements for resolution of problems faced by people.' What is the main function being described here?

  • A. Parties form and run governments
  • B. Parties shape public opinion and mobilise people on issues ✓
  • C. Parties recruit and train leaders for ministerial positions
  • D. Parties reduce diverse opinions into basic policy positions

Answer: B — The passage explicitly describes how parties use their widespread membership and activists to raise awareness, launch movements, and influence societal views on issues, which is the public opinion-shaping function; option A is incorrect because government formation is not mentioned in this context.

Q9. A newly formed political party in India gets registered with the Election Commission but fails to contest elections or select candidates for any constituency. According to the chapter's definition, why would this NOT be considered a functional political party?

  • A. It does not have the three components: leaders, active members, and followers
  • B. It fails to perform the basic function of contesting elections ✓
  • C. It lacks policies and programmes to promote collective good
  • D. It does not provide access to government welfare schemes

Answer: B — The chapter defines a political party fundamentally as a group that 'comes together to contest elections and hold power,' making election contestation a core defining function; not contesting elections violates the basic definition, though option A is a structural requirement that may also be lacking.

Q10. Assertion (A): In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections, whereas in the USA, members and supporters of a party choose candidates. Reason (R): Different democracies have different methods of candidate selection based on their constitutional frameworks and party traditions. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A ✓
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: B — Both statements are accurate—the chapter explicitly contrasts India's top-leader selection with USA's member-based selection, and different constitutional/traditional frameworks do exist, but R overgeneralises; the explanation requires understanding that both systems are valid democratic practices rather than constitutional necessity.

Flashcards

What is a political party?

A group of people who contest elections, win power, and implement shared policies to promote collective good in society.

Name the three components of a political party.

The leaders, active members, and followers.

What does 'partisan' mean in politics?

A person strongly committed to a party who takes sides and cannot maintain a balanced view on issues.

Why do parties reduce vast opinions into few positions?

Because governments cannot handle such a large variety of views, so parties group similar opinions together to provide policy direction.

What role do opposition parties play in democracy?

They criticize government failures, voice different views, and mobilize opposition to check the power of ruling parties.

How do parties provide access to government schemes for citizens?

Citizens find it easier to approach local party leaders than government officers, making parties responsive to people's needs.

What would happen in elections without political parties?

Every candidate would be independent, unable to make policy promises, and no one would be responsible for running the country.

How do parties shape public opinion in society?

Parties raise issues through lakhs of members and activists, launch movements, and opinions crystallize along party lines.

Why did political parties become present in almost all democracies?

Because they perform essential functions like contesting elections, forming governments, making laws, and providing accountability.

What did the Election Commission ban regarding political parties?

Wall writing by parties during election times, which was the cheapest method for their campaign.

Important Board Questions

Define a political party and state any two functions it performs in a democracy. [2 marks]

Define as group contesting elections with shared policies. Choose any two from: contesting elections, grouping opinions, making laws, forming government, opposition role, shaping opinion, providing citizen access.

Why do political parties group vast varieties of individual opinions into a few basic policy positions? Explain with one example. [3 marks]

Reason: governments cannot handle unlimited views. Example: on education—many individual views grouped into party stand on school funding, curriculum, or fee structure; government then implements this unified party position.

Explain why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. Use the concept of accountability and the panchayat example to support your answer. [5 marks]

Explain: without parties, independent candidates cannot promise policy changes; elected representatives accountable only locally, no national responsibility. Panchayat proof: even without formal parties, factions create 'panels'—showing parties naturally emerge. Conclude: parties essential for organized government and citizen accountability.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Political Parties

Q1. Assertion (A):

Political parties are more visible to ordinary citizens than the Constitution of India.

Reason (R):

Political parties have visible representatives in every locality while constitutional documents are abstract and formal.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true. The chapter explicitly states that even less educated citizens in remote areas may not know about the Constitution but would know about political parties. The reason correctly explains why parties are more visible—their representatives are locally present and accessible. Both statements align with the chapter's content.

Q2. Assertion (A):

Political parties reduce multiple diverse opinions into a few basic policy positions.

Reason (R):

Because no single government can implement policies that accommodate every individual citizen's unique opinion.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason IS the correct explanation. The chapter states that parties reduce vast multitudes of opinions into a few basic positions, and explains this is necessary because no government can handle such a large variety of views. The reason directly explains the necessity and function described in the assertion.

Q3. Assertion (A):

Without political parties, elected representatives would still be accountable to their constituencies.

Reason (R):

Because the election system itself creates accountability between representatives and voters.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—the chapter states that elected representatives would be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. However, the reason is insufficient as an explanation. The chapter's point is that while local accountability would exist, national responsibility for running the country would disappear without parties. The reason given focuses only on electoral accountability, not the broader governance issue the chapter addresses.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Political Parties

Case Study:

During the 2024 local municipal elections in Delhi, the Election Commission issued new guidelines restricting wall-writing campaigns by political parties. Previously, parties used simple graffiti and wall writings as the cheapest method to reach voters in remote areas. However, environmental and urban cleanliness concerns led to this ban. Despite the ban, political parties adapted by using digital campaigns, rallies, and community meetings instead. Party workers in one locality reported spending double the resources to reach the same number of voters through alternative methods. The party representatives argued that the ban would disadvantage smaller parties that relied heavily on low-cost wall-writing campaigns.

Q1. What was the primary reason for the Election Commission banning wall-writing by political parties?

  • A. To increase the campaign costs for all parties equally
  • B. Environmental and urban cleanliness concerns ✓
  • C. To prevent smaller parties from participating in elections
  • D. To promote only digital forms of communication

Answer: B

Q2. According to the passage, how did political parties adapt to the wall-writing ban?

  • A. They stopped campaigning in remote areas
  • B. They focused only on wealthy urban areas
  • C. They used digital campaigns, rallies, and community meetings ✓
  • D. They challenged the ban in court immediately

Answer: C

Q3. Which function of political parties discussed in the chapter is illustrated by parties reaching out to voters through campaigns?

  • A. Making laws in the legislature
  • B. Contesting elections and seeking popular support ✓
  • C. Forming and running governments
  • D. Providing access to welfare schemes

Answer: B

Q4. Why did smaller parties feel disadvantaged by the wall-writing ban?

  • A. Because they could not afford to participate in elections at all
  • B. Because they did not have any workers to conduct campaigns
  • C. Because the ban was specifically designed to target small parties
  • D. Because they relied on low-cost campaign methods and now faced higher expenses ✓

Answer: D

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Political Parties

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/1 · 1 mark

Find the odd one out from the following:

  • Communist Party of India (M) & Bharatiya Janata Party
  • Rashtriya Janata Dal & Janata Dal
  • Nationalist Congress Party & Shiv Sena
  • United Democratic Party & National People's Party

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/1 · 5 marks

Examine the role of political parties in a democracy.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/2 · 5 marks

Political parties are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy. Examine the statement.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/3 · 5 marks

Examine the role of political parties in strengthening democracy.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 1 mark

Find the odd one out regarding the Political Parties of India:

  • Bharatiya Janata Party & Aam Aadmi Party
  • Indian National Lok Dal & Jananayak Janata Party
  • National's People's Party & United Democratic Party
  • Rashtriya Janata Dal & Loktantrik Samajwadi Party

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 5 marks

Explain the importance of political parties in Indian democracy.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/2 · 5 marks

Analyse the role of the Party System in Indian democracy.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/3 · 5 marks

Analyse the role of political parties in ensuring good governance.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/1 · 1 mark

Which of the following are the main components of a political party? Choose the correct option: I. Leaders II. Active members III. Followers IV. Pressure groups

  • Only I, II and III are correct.
  • Only II, III and IV are correct.
  • Only I, III and IV are correct.
  • Only I, II and IV are correct.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/1 · 3 marks

(a) Explain the importance of political parties in democracy. OR (b) Why did India adopt the multiparty system? Explain with suitable arguments.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 1 mark

Which of the following are the main components of a political party ? Choose the correct option: I. Leaders II. Active members III. Followers IV. Pressure groups

  • Only I, II and III are correct
  • Only II, III and IV are correct
  • Only I, III and IV are correct
  • Only I, II and IV are correct

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 3 marks

Explain the importance of political parties in democracy.

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Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 805 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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