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The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

NCERT Class 12 · Geography Based on NCERT Class 12 Geography textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of population geography, focusing on how people are distributed across the Earth's surface, why they live where they do, and how populations change over time. It exists in the syllabus to help students understand the relationship between people and resources, and the demographic challenges facing the world. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that population distribution is uneven due to a combination of geographical, economic, social, and cultural factors, and that population growth follows a predictable pattern through the demographic transition model.
Key Concepts (18)
Population distribution
The way people are spaced over the earth's surface.
e.g. 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area.
Density of population
The ratio between the number of people to the size of land, usually measured in persons per sq km.
e.g. If area of Region X is 100 sq km and population is 1,50,000 persons, density = 1,500 persons/sq km.
Growth of population
Change of population in a particular area between two points of time.
e.g. Population of India 2001 (102.70 crore) deducted from population of 2011 (121.02 crore) gives growth of 18.15 crores.
Growth rate of population
The change of population expressed in percentage.
e.g. If population grows from 100 to 110, growth rate is 10%.
Natural growth of population
The population increased by difference between births and deaths in a particular region between two points of time.
e.g. Natural Growth = Births – Deaths.
Actual growth of population
Births – Deaths + In Migration – Out Migration.
e.g. If births=1000, deaths=500, in-migration=200, out-migration=100, actual growth = 600.
Positive growth of population
Happens when the birth rate is more than the death rate between two points of time or when people from other countries migrate permanently to a region.
e.g. India's population increasing each decade shows positive growth.
Negative growth of population
If the population decreases between two points of time, it occurs when the birth rate falls below the death rate or people migrate to other countries.
e.g. Some European countries like Russia have experienced negative growth.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of live births in a year per thousand of population, calculated as CBR = (B/P) × 1000.
e.g. If a town has 500 live births in a year and mid-year population of 50,000, CBR = (500/50000)×1000 = 10 per thousand.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Number of deaths in a particular year per thousand of population in a particular region, calculated as CDR = (D/P) × 1000.
e.g. If a town has 200 deaths in a year and mid-year population of 50,000, CDR = (200/50000)×1000 = 4 per thousand.
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another; the place they move from is called the Place of Origin and the place they move to is called the Place of Destination.
e.g. A person moving from Bihar to Mumbai for work: Bihar is origin, Mumbai is destination.
Immigration
Migrants who move into a new place are called Immigrants.
e.g. A person moving from Pakistan to India is an immigrant in India.
Emigration
Migrants who move out of a place are called Emigrants.
e.g. A person moving from India to the USA is an emigrant from India.
Push factors
Factors that make the place of origin seem less attractive, such as unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.
e.g. Unemployment in a village pushes people to move to a city.
Pull factors
Factors that make the place of destination seem more attractive, such as better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.
e.g. Better job opportunities in Mumbai pull migrants from rural areas.
Demographic transition theory
A theory that describes and predicts the future population of any area; it tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society.
e.g. Two hundred years ago all countries were in Stage I; today countries like Japan are in Stage III.
Family planning
The spacing or preventing the birth of children; access to family planning services is a significant factor in limiting population growth and improving women’s health.
e.g. Propaganda, free availability of contraceptives and tax disincentives for large families are measures to control population.
Malthusian theory
Thomas Malthus in his theory (1798) stated that the number of people would increase faster than the food supply; any further increase would result in a population crash caused by famine, disease and war.
e.g. Preventive checks (like family planning) are better than physical checks (famine, disease, war).
How It Works
Calculation of Density of Population
  1. Identify the total population of the area.
  2. Identify the total land area of the area in square kilometres.
  3. Divide the population by the area: Density = Population / Area.
  4. Express the result in persons per sq km.
💡 Density is a ratio, not an absolute number — always include the unit 'persons per sq km' in the answer.
Calculation of Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
  1. Count the number of live births (B) during the year.
  2. Estimate the mid-year population (P) of the area.
  3. Apply the formula: CBR = (B / P) × 1000.
  4. Express the result as number of live births per thousand population.
💡 CBR is per thousand, not per hundred — students often forget to multiply by 1000.
Calculation of Crude Death Rate (CDR)
  1. Count the number of deaths (D) during the year.
  2. Estimate the mid-year population (P) of the area.
  3. Apply the formula: CDR = (D / P) × 1000.
  4. Express the result as number of deaths per thousand population.
💡 CDR is also per thousand — do not confuse with percentage.
Demographic Transition Theory (Three Stages)
  1. Stage I (High Fluctuating): High fertility and high mortality; population growth is slow; people are engaged in agriculture; life expectancy is low; people are mostly illiterate with low technology. Two hundred years ago all countries were in this stage.
  2. Stage II (Expanding): Fertility remains high initially but declines with time; mortality rate reduces due to improvements in sanitation and health conditions; net addition to population is high because of the gap between high birth rate and declining death rate.
  3. Stage III (Low Fluctuating): Both fertility and mortality decline considerably; population is either stable or grows slowly; population becomes urbanised, literate, has high technical know-how and deliberately controls family size.
💡 The key exam point is the 'gap' in Stage II — birth rate remains high while death rate falls, causing rapid population growth. Students often confuse the order of stages or forget which countries are in which stage.
Components of Population Change
  1. Births: Add to population; measured by Crude Birth Rate (CBR).
  2. Deaths: Subtract from population; measured by Crude Death Rate (CDR).
  3. Migration: Can add or subtract; includes immigration (in) and emigration (out).
  4. Natural growth = Births – Deaths.
  5. Actual growth = Births – Deaths + In Migration – Out Migration.
💡 Migration is often forgotten as a component — students only mention births and deaths. All three are required for a complete answer.
Push and Pull Factors in Migration
  1. Identify the place of origin and place of destination.
  2. Push factors make the origin less attractive (e.g., unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics, socio-economic backwardness).
  3. Pull factors make the destination more attractive (e.g., better job opportunities, better living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property, pleasant climate).
  4. People migrate when push factors outweigh pull factors, or pull factors strongly attract them.
💡 Students often mix up push and pull factors. Remember: push = negative reasons to leave; pull = positive reasons to go to a place.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing 'Growth of Population' with 'Growth Rate of Population'
✗ Growth of population is the percentage change in population.
→ Growth of population is the absolute change in numbers, not percentage. Growth rate is the percentage change.
✓ Growth of population is the change in number of inhabitants between two points of time, e.g., 18.15 crores increase in India from 2001 to 2011. Growth rate is this change expressed as a percentage.
⚠ Forgetting Migration in 'Components of Population Change'
✗ The three components of population change are births, deaths, and natural growth.
→ Natural growth is the result of births minus deaths, not a separate component. The three components are births, deaths, and migration.
✓ The three components of population change are births, deaths, and migration.
⚠ Mixing Up Push and Pull Factors
✗ Push factors attract people to a new place, like better jobs.
→ Push factors make the place of origin less attractive (negative reasons to leave). Pull factors attract people to the destination (positive reasons).
✓ Push factors (e.g., unemployment, political turmoil) drive people away from the origin. Pull factors (e.g., better jobs, peace) attract people to the destination.
⚠ Confusing 'Immigration' and 'Emigration'
✗ Immigration is moving out of a country.
→ Immigration is moving into a new place; emigration is moving out of a place.
✓ Immigration refers to migrants who move into a new place. Emigration refers to migrants who move out of a place.
⚠ Misstating the Demographic Transition Stages
✗ In Stage I, population growth is high because birth rate is high and death rate is low.
→ In Stage I, both birth rate and death rate are high, so population growth is slow. The high growth occurs in Stage II when death rate falls but birth rate remains high.
✓ In Stage I, both fertility and mortality are high, so population growth is slow. In Stage II, mortality declines while fertility remains high, causing rapid population growth.
⚠ Forgetting the 'per thousand' in CBR and CDR
✗ Crude Birth Rate is the number of live births per hundred population.
→ CBR and CDR are expressed per thousand, not per hundred.
✓ Crude Birth Rate is the number of live births in a year per thousand of population. Crude Death Rate is the number of deaths in a year per thousand of population.
Compare & Contrast
Definition and formula
Birth rate (CBR)
Death rate (CDR)
Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand population per year (CBR = B/P × 1000); death rate is the number of deaths per thousand population per year (CDR = D/P × 1000).
Role in migration
Push factors
Pull factors
Push factors make the place of origin less attractive (negative reasons like unemployment, political turmoil); pull factors make the place of destination more attractive (positive reasons like better jobs, peace).
Direction of movement
Immigration
Emigration
Immigration refers to moving into a new place (arrival); emigration refers to moving out of a place (departure).
Components included
Natural growth of population
Actual growth of population
Natural growth = Births – Deaths only; Actual growth = Births – Deaths + In Migration – Out Migration.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 SA (3 marks), 1 LA (5 marks) — typically one question on factors of distribution, one on demographic transition, and one on migration or population growth concepts.
Most asked: Factors influencing distribution of population (geographical, economic, social/cultural) · Demographic Transition Theory (three stages with characteristics) · Components of population change (births, deaths, migration) · Push and pull factors of migration · Calculation of density, CBR, CDR · Difference between birth rate and death rate
Don't skip: Discuss the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in the world (5 marks); Discuss the three stages of demographic transition (5 marks); Distinguish between birth rate and death rate / push factors and pull factors (3 marks)
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area.
  2. The 10 most populous countries contribute about 60 per cent of the world's population, and 6 of them are in Asia.
  3. Density of population is calculated as population divided by area, expressed in persons per sq km.
  4. Geographical factors influencing distribution: availability of water, landforms, climate, and soils.
  5. Economic factors: minerals, urbanisation, and industrialisation.
  6. Social and cultural factors: religious or cultural significance, social and political unrest, government incentives.
  7. Growth of population is the absolute change in numbers; growth rate is the percentage change.
  8. Natural growth = Births – Deaths; Actual growth = Births – Deaths + In Migration – Out Migration.
  9. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (B/P) × 1000; Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (D/P) × 1000.
  10. The three components of population change are births, deaths, and migration.
  11. Push factors make the place of origin less attractive; pull factors make the destination more attractive.
  12. Demographic Transition Theory has three stages: High Fluctuating, Expanding, and Low Fluctuating.
  13. In Stage I, both birth and death rates are high; in Stage II, death rate falls but birth rate remains high; in Stage III, both are low.
  14. Family planning includes spacing or preventing births through propaganda, contraceptives, and tax disincentives.
  15. Thomas Malthus (1798) warned that population would increase faster than food supply, leading to famine, disease, and war.
  16. Preventive checks (family planning) are better than physical checks (famine, disease, war) for population control.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. Which of the following is the correct definition of population density?

  • A. The total number of people living in a region
  • B. The ratio of population to the area of land measured in persons per sq km ✓
  • C. The growth of population between two time periods
  • D. The birth rate minus the death rate in a region

Answer: B — Population density specifically measures the number of people per unit area (persons/sq km), not total population, growth, or natural increase.

Q2. If a region has an area of 500 sq km and a population of 2,50,000 persons, what is its population density?

  • A. 500 persons/sq km ✓
  • B. 250 persons/sq km
  • C. 5,000 persons/sq km
  • D. 5 persons/sq km

Answer: A — Using the formula Density = Population ÷ Area: 2,50,000 ÷ 500 = 500 persons/sq km.

Q3. Which geographical factor is the PRIMARY reason why river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world?

  • A. Mountainous terrain surrounding the valleys
  • B. Availability of fresh water for multiple human uses ✓
  • C. Proximity to mineral deposits in nearby mountains
  • D. Cold climate that attracts people from warmer regions

Answer: B — Water is essential for drinking, agriculture, industries, and navigation; river valleys provide this readily, making them naturally attractive for dense settlement.

Q4. According to the chapter, what percentage of the world's population lives in approximately 10% of its land area?

  • A. 50%
  • B. 70%
  • C. 90% ✓
  • D. 100%

Answer: C — The chapter explicitly states that 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area, showing extreme uneven distribution.

Q5. Which of the following pairs correctly matches economic factors with their role in population distribution?

  • A. Mineral deposits → Industrial jobs → Population attraction; Urbanisation → Better facilities → Rural to urban migration ✓
  • B. Climate → Industrial development → Urban growth; Soils → Mining activities → Employment
  • C. Landforms → Commercial opportunities → Migration; Minerals → Agricultural expansion → Settlement
  • D. Water → Manufacturing → Urban centers; Soils → Transportation → City growth

Answer: A — Minerals attract industries and jobs, while cities attract migrants through better employment, education, and facilities—these are correctly paired cause-effect relationships.

Q6. What is the correct formula for natural growth of population?

  • A. Natural Growth = Birth Rate + Death Rate
  • B. Natural Growth = Births − Deaths ✓
  • C. Natural Growth = (Births − Deaths) + (In-migration − Out-migration)
  • D. Natural Growth = In-migration − Out-migration

Answer: B — Natural growth measures only the difference between births and deaths within a region; option C represents actual growth which includes migration.

Q7. Assertion (A): The Himalayan mountain zones are scarcely populated compared to the Ganga plains. Reason (R): Mountainous areas hinder the development of transport networks and agricultural production. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are correct, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is correct but R is incorrect
  • D. Both A and R are incorrect

Answer: A — The Himalayas are indeed sparsely populated because mountains limit transport and farming, unlike the flat Ganga plains—R correctly explains why A is true.

Q8. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated primarily because of which factor?

  • A. Its proximity to the Sea of Japan providing fish resources
  • B. The presence of numerous industries in the region ✓
  • C. Its location in a tropical climate zone
  • D. Government policies that incentivize urban settlement

Answer: B — The chapter specifically mentions that the Kobe-Osaka region is thickly populated due to the presence of industries that create jobs for factory workers, shopkeepers, and service providers.

Q9. Which statement is INCORRECT regarding population growth components?

  • A. Positive growth occurs when birth rate exceeds death rate
  • B. Negative growth occurs when out-migration exceeds in-migration
  • C. Actual growth excludes the effect of migration from its calculation ✓
  • D. All of births, deaths, and migration are components of population change

Answer: C — Actual growth INCLUDES migration effects: Actual Growth = (Births − Deaths) + (In-migration − Out-migration); natural growth alone excludes migration.

Q10. A student studies two regions: Region X with fertile loamy soils in a moderate climate near a river, and Region Y with poor soils in an arid desert. Based on geographical factors of population distribution, which is likely TRUE?

  • A. Region X will have higher population density due to better water, soil, and climate conditions combined ✓
  • B. Region Y will have higher density because deserts create better industrial opportunities
  • C. Both regions will have similar density since economic factors dominate over geography
  • D. Region X will have lower density because rivers attract industries rather than settlement

Answer: A — Region X combines three favorable geographical factors (water, fertile soil, moderate climate), all of which the chapter identifies as major population attractants, making higher density likely.

Flashcards

What percentage of world population lives in what percentage of land?

90% of world population lives in approximately 10% of Earth's land area.

Define population density and give the formula.

Population density is the ratio of people to land area, calculated as: Density = Population ÷ Area (in persons per sq km).

Name the three components of population change.

The three components are births, deaths, and migration (in-migration and out-migration).

What is the difference between natural growth and actual growth of population?

Natural growth = Births − Deaths; Actual growth = (Births − Deaths) + (In-migration − Out-migration), which includes migration effects.

Why are river valleys among the most densely populated areas globally?

River valleys provide fresh water for drinking, agriculture, industries, and navigation, making them naturally attractive for human settlement.

How does climate influence population distribution?

Areas with pleasant, moderate climates (like Mediterranean regions) attract more people, while extreme deserts and harsh climates have very low populations.

What is the crude birth rate (CBR) and how is it calculated?

CBR is the number of live births per thousand population per year, calculated as: CBR = (B ÷ P) × 1000, where B = births and P = mid-year population.

Name two reasons why mountainous areas have lower population density than plains.

Mountains hinder transport network development and agricultural production compared to plains, making them less suitable for large settlements.

Which continent and how many of the 10 most populous countries are located in Asia?

Six of the 10 most populous countries in the world are located in Asia.

What does negative population growth mean and when does it occur?

Negative population growth occurs when population decreases between two time points, happening when death rate exceeds birth rate or out-migration exceeds in-migration.

Important Board Questions

Define population density and calculate the density of a region with an area of 200 sq km and population of 3,60,000 persons. [2 marks]

Definition: ratio of population to area in persons/sq km. Apply formula Density = Population ÷ Area; divide 3,60,000 by 200 to get 1,800 persons/sq km.

Explain how water availability and landforms together influence the population distribution pattern in the world. Give one example of each factor from the chapter. [5 marks]

Water factor: River valleys densest (drinking, agriculture, navigation); Landforms factor: Ganga plains densely settled vs Himalayan mountains sparsely populated. Explain why each factor makes settlement favorable or unfavorable.

Distinguish between natural growth and actual growth of population. Using the formulas, explain why a region might experience natural growth but negative actual growth. Provide a real-world scenario to illustrate your answer. [5 marks]

Natural Growth = Births − Deaths; Actual Growth = (Births − Deaths) + (In-migration − Out-migration). Show that positive natural growth can be offset by large out-migration; example: a wealthy country or skilled labor emigration scenario.

Assertion-Reason Questions for The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

Q1. Assertion (A):

River valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world.

Reason (R):

Fresh water is easily available in river valleys for drinking, agriculture, industries, and navigation.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason directly explains why river valleys attract dense populations. Water availability is the primary cause of settlement in these areas.

Q2. Assertion (A):

Mountainous regions have sparse populations compared to plains.

Reason (R):

Extreme climates in mountains make them unsuitable for any form of human habitation.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true, but the reason is false. Mountains have sparse populations mainly because they hinder transport and agricultural development, not because of unsuitable climate alone. Many mountain regions with suitable climates are still sparsely populated due to terrain constraints.

Q3. Assertion (A):

Industrial belts attract large populations including workers and service providers.

Reason (R):

Industries provide only factory jobs, limiting employment opportunities to skilled workers.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is correct—industries attract diverse populations. However, the reason is false because industries create varied jobs: not just factory work but also for transport operators, shopkeepers, doctors, teachers, and service providers as stated in the material.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

Case Study:

The Ganga Plain region in India has a population density of approximately 500-600 persons per sq km, while the Himalayan mountain region directly to its north has a density of only 30-40 persons per sq km. Despite similar rainfall patterns and proximity to water sources, the Ganga Plain supports intensive agriculture, numerous industries, and a dense network of cities like Delhi, Lucknow, and Patna. The Himalayan region, despite having scenic beauty and some religious significance, remains sparsely populated due to difficult terrain, challenging transport infrastructure, and limited agricultural land.

Q1. What is the primary geographical factor responsible for the difference in population density between the Ganga Plain and the Himalayan region?

  • A. The Ganga Plain has a higher annual rainfall than the Himalayan region
  • B. Landforms and terrain; plains facilitate agriculture and infrastructure development, while mountains hinder transport and agricultural expansion ✓
  • C. The Himalayan region lacks water sources while the Ganga Plain has abundant rivers
  • D. The Ganga Plain has mineral deposits while the Himalayan region has none

Answer: B

Q2. If the Ganga Plain covers 40,000 sq km with a population of 22 million, what is its population density?

  • A. 450 persons/sq km
  • B. 550 persons/sq km ✓
  • C. 650 persons/sq km
  • D. 750 persons/sq km

Answer: B

Q3. Which factor mentioned in the passage acts as an economic driver increasing population density in the Ganga Plain?

  • A. Religious significance and scenic beauty attracting pilgrims
  • B. Limited agricultural land forcing urban migration
  • C. Proximity to the Himalayan region for trade routes
  • D. Presence of numerous industries and cities creating employment opportunities ✓

Answer: D

Q4. Why does the Himalayan region remain sparsely populated despite having some religious significance?

  • A. Religious sites alone cannot overcome geographical constraints like difficult terrain and poor infrastructure ✓
  • B. The region receives insufficient rainfall for agriculture
  • C. There are no mineral resources in the Himalayan region
  • D. The regional government discourages settlement in the mountains

Answer: A

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/1 · 1 mark

How many of the listed countries fall under Asian continent?

  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/1 · 1 mark

China and Brazil together account for what percentage of the world population?

  • 17.88
  • 17.58
  • 19.88
  • 19.58

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/2 · 1 mark

China and Brazil together account for what percentage of the world population ?

  • 17.88
  • 17.58
  • 19.88
  • 19.58

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/1/2 · 1 mark

How many of the listed countries fall under Asian continent ?

  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/2/1 · 5 marks

How do the 'landforms' and 'urbanisation' influence the distribution of world population? Explain with examples.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/2/2 · 5 marks

How do climate and mineral mining influence the distribution of world population? Explain with examples.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/2/3 · 5 marks

Explain the economic factors affecting the distribution of world population.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/3/1 · 3 marks

Demographic Transition Theory [Diagram-based question]

Explain the main characteristics of Stage I of the Demographic Transition Theory on the bases of birth rate, death rate and growth of population.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/4/1 · 1 mark

Who among the following stated that 'Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are very many' ?

  • Ellen C. Semple
  • George B. Cressey
  • Vidal de la Blache
  • Griffith Taylor

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/4/1 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): River valleys are sparsely populated areas of the world. Reason (R): Water is the most important factor for life.

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/4/2 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option. Assertion (A) : River valleys are sparsely populated areas of the world. Reason (R) : Water is the most important factor for life.

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2026 · Set 64/4/2 · 3 marks

Explain the third stage of demographic transition theory on the basis of birth rate, death rate and population growth.

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Class 12 Geography Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 759 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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