StudyOSStudyOS CBSE Study Material, Class 5–12

Graphs and Charts for Business Data

NCERT Class 12 · Accountancy Based on NCERT Class 12 Accountancy textbook · Free CBSE study kit

Everything you need to ace this chapter, in one place.
Notes · Mind Map · Quiz · Assertion-Reason · Case Studies · Question Bank · Past Papers

Get Full Study Kit →
Studying with friends? Send them this chapter.

Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter introduces the use of graphs and charts for presenting business and accounting data visually using MS Excel 2007. It exists in the syllabus because raw numerical data is often difficult to interpret, and visual representation aids in quick decision-making, trend identification, and effective communication. The one big idea is that 'A picture is worth more than a thousand words' — mastering chart creation and formatting in Excel transforms complex accounting data into easily understandable, persuasive, and professional business insights.
Key Concepts (15)
Graph
A graph is a pictorial representation of data which has at least a 2-dimensional relationship, typically using an X-axis (horizontal) and a Y-axis (vertical).
e.g. A line graph showing the monthly sales revenue of a company over a year, with months on the X-axis and sales figures on the Y-axis.
Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, where each sector represents a proportion of the whole. It represents multiple sub-groups of a single variable and cannot plot more than seven categories.
e.g. A pie chart showing the percentage contribution of different product categories (like electronics, clothing, groceries) to a store's total annual sales.
Bar Diagram
A bar diagram is a chart that uses rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values they represent. It depicts two or more variables for comparison of absolute values at discrete points.
e.g. A bar chart comparing the quarterly sales figures of six different products manufactured by ABC Manufacturing Company Ltd.
Chart Area
The entire chart and all its elements, serving as the outermost boundary of the chart object.
e.g. When you click the outer border of a chart in Excel, the entire object selected is the chart area.
Plot Area
In a 2-D chart, the area bounded by the X and Y axes. In a 3-D chart, the area bounded by the three (X, Y, and Z) axes where data is plotted.
e.g. The rectangular region inside a column chart where the actual columns are drawn.
Data Points / Data Markers
Individual values plotted in a chart and represented by bars, columns, lines, pie slices, or various other shapes. Data markers of the same colour constitute a data series.
e.g. A single red column in a bar chart representing the sales of 'Product A' in 'Qtr1'.
Data Series
Related data points that are plotted in a chart. Each data series in a chart is shown in a unique colour or pattern and is identified by the legend.
e.g. The set of all columns representing 'Product A' sales across all four quarters forms one data series.
Legend
An identifier of a piece of information shown in the chart/graph. Legends are assigned to the data series or different categories to distinguish them.
e.g. A small box on the right side of a chart showing a blue square next to 'Product A' and a red square next to 'Product B'.
Chart and Axes Titles
Descriptive text that provides context, including a main chart title and titles for the horizontal (category) and vertical (value) axes.
e.g. A chart title 'Quarterly Sales Analysis 2007-08', with an X-axis title 'Quarters' and a Y-axis title 'Sales in Rs.'.
Data Label
Text that provides additional information about a data marker, identifying the exact value or other details of a data point in a data series.
e.g. The exact number '25,844' displayed on top of a column representing Qtr1 sales in a column chart.
Radar Chart
A chart that compares the aggregate values of a number of data series. It does not have a horizontal (category) axis.
e.g. A radar chart comparing the highest and lowest sales values of different products like toothpaste, shampoo, and soap.
Doughnut Chart
Like a pie chart, a doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts to a whole, but it can contain more than one data series, displayed in concentric rings.
e.g. A doughnut chart where the inner ring represents gas tax revenues and the outer ring represents property tax revenues.
2-D Chart
A chart that plots data using two axes: the vertical (value or Y) axis and the horizontal (category or X) axis.
e.g. A standard column chart showing sales over time, with time on the X-axis and sales value on the Y-axis.
3-D Chart
A chart with a third axis, the depth axis (also known as series axis or Z axis), allowing data to be plotted along the depth of a chart for a three-dimensional effect.
e.g. A 3-D column chart showing product sales across quarters, where products are plotted along the depth (Z-axis).
Origin
The intersection point of the X-axis and Y-axis in a graph, representing the zero value for both axes.
e.g. In a graph plotting profit and loss, positive profit values are plotted above the origin on the Y-axis, and negative loss values are plotted below it.
How It Works
Creating a Basic Chart in MS Excel 2007
  1. Step 1: Enter the data in a worksheet with proper column and row titles, ensuring all values to be plotted are correctly organised.
  2. Step 2: Select the data range you want to plot, including row and column headings.
  3. Step 3: Click on the 'Insert' tab on the Ribbon to access the 'Charts' group tools.
  4. Step 4: Click the desired chart type (e.g., Column, Line, Pie) from the available options to instantly create a basic chart.
💡 Students often forget to select the correct data range before inserting a chart, leading to a blank or incorrect chart. Always select data first, including headers for automatic axis and legend creation.
Switching Row/Column Data in a Chart
  1. Step 1: Click anywhere in the chart to display the 'Chart Tools' contextual tabs (Design, Layout, Format).
  2. Step 2: On the 'Design' tab, locate the 'Data' group.
  3. Step 3: Click the 'Switch Row/Column' button.
  4. Step 4: The chart will swap the data plotted on the X-axis and the legend entries. For example, X-axis will change from 'Products' to 'Quarters'.
💡 A common mistake is not understanding what this command does; it swaps the data series from rows to columns, fundamentally changing the chart's perspective, not just its appearance.
Creating a 3-D Pie Chart
  1. Step 1: Enter data in a worksheet using only two consecutive columns (one for category, one for values).
  2. Step 2: Select the data from these two columns.
  3. Step 3: On the 'Insert' tab, click 'Pie' in the Charts group and select '3-D Pie'.
  4. Step 4: Click the plot area to display 'Chart Tools', then use the 'Design' tab to select a chart layout and style.
  5. Step 5: On the 'Format' tab, use 'Shape Effects' to apply Bevel, 3-D Rotation, and Shadow effects for visual enhancement.
  6. Step 6: To rotate the pie, select the plot area, click 'Format Selection', and adjust the 'Angle of first slice' slider.
💡 A Pie chart can only plot one data series with positive, non-zero values and a maximum of seven categories. Attempting to plot more will result in an error or unreadable chart.
Formatting a Chart Element
  1. Step 1: Click anywhere in the chart to activate the 'Chart Tools' tabs.
  2. Step 2: On the 'Format' tab, in the 'Current Selection' group, use the dropdown box to select the specific chart element (e.g., 'Chart Area', 'Plot Area', 'Legend').
  3. Step 3: Click the 'Format Selection' button in the same group.
  4. Step 4: In the dialog box that opens, choose a category (e.g., Fill, Border Color) and select the desired formatting options.
  5. Step 5: Alternatively, use the 'Shape Styles' group on the 'Format' tab to apply pre-defined styles, fills, outlines, and effects.
💡 Students often try to format an element without first selecting it from the 'Current Selection' group, leading to the wrong element being modified. Always verify the active selection.
Resizing a Chart
  1. Step 1: Select the chart by clicking on its chart area.
  2. Step 2: Move the cursor to any corner or the middle of a border until it changes to a two-headed arrow.
  3. Step 3: Press and hold the left mouse button.
  4. Step 4: Drag the border inward or outward to decrease or increase the chart's size, respectively, and release the button.
💡 Dragging a corner handle resizes the chart proportionally, while dragging a middle handle changes only the width or height, which can distort the chart's aspect ratio.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing Chart Area and Plot Area
✗ The plot area is the entire chart including titles and legend.
→ The plot area is specifically the region bounded by the axes where data markers are drawn. The chart area is the larger container that includes the plot area, titles, and legend. Confusing them leads to formatting the wrong part of the chart.
✓ The chart area is the entire chart and all its elements. The plot area is the inner area bounded by the X and Y axes where the actual data series are plotted.
⚠ Misunderstanding Pie Chart Limitations
✗ A pie chart can be used to compare total sales of six products over four different quarters.
→ A pie chart can only represent a single data series (e.g., total sales for one quarter) and is limited to seven categories. Comparing multiple quarters requires multiple data series, which a pie chart cannot handle.
✓ A pie chart represents the parts of a whole for a single variable and cannot plot more than seven categories. To compare sales over multiple quarters, a column or bar chart should be used.
⚠ Incorrect Data Selection for Chart Creation
✗ First, click the Insert tab and choose a chart type, then select the data to populate it.
→ The correct sequence in Excel is to first select the data you want to visualise, and then insert the chart. Doing it the other way creates a blank chart that must be manually linked to data.
✓ The first step to create a chart is to enter and select the data in the worksheet. Only after the data is selected should you click the Insert tab and choose a chart type.
⚠ Calling a Data Point a Data Series
✗ A single column in a bar chart is called a data series.
→ A single column is a data point or data marker. A data series is a collection of related data points, such as all columns of the same colour representing one product's sales across all quarters.
✓ An individual value plotted in a chart, like a single bar or column, is a data point or data marker. A data series is a group of related data points, all plotted in the same colour or pattern.
⚠ Believing 3-D Charts Have Only Two Axes
✗ A 3-D chart uses the X-axis and Y-axis, just like a 2-D chart, but with a visual effect.
→ A 3-D chart has a functional third axis called the depth or Z-axis (series axis), which allows plotting data along an additional dimension, not just a cosmetic effect.
✓ A 3-D chart has three axes: the horizontal X-axis (category), the vertical Y-axis (value), and the depth Z-axis (series axis) for plotting data along a third dimension.
Compare & Contrast
Number of Data Series
Pie Chart
Doughnut Chart
A pie chart can display only one data series, showing the relationship of parts to a whole. A doughnut chart can display more than one data series in concentric rings, each ring representing a separate data series.
Number of Axes
2-D Chart
3-D Chart
A 2-D chart has two axes: the horizontal category (X) axis and the vertical value (Y) axis. A 3-D chart has a third axis, the depth or series (Z) axis, allowing data to be plotted along an additional dimension.
Presence of Category Axis
Column Chart
Radar Chart
A column chart has a horizontal category (X) axis to plot discrete groups. A radar chart does not have a horizontal category axis; instead, it compares aggregate values of data series radiating from a central point.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: Typically appears as 1-2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Short Answer question (3 marks) on chart elements or steps, and potentially part of a Long Answer question (4-6 marks) involving practical steps for chart creation or formatting.
Most asked: Definition and purpose of graphs, pie charts, and bar diagrams. · Steps to create a chart in MS Excel. · Explanation of chart elements: Chart Area, Plot Area, Data Series, Legend. · Difference between 2-D and 3-D charts. · Advantages of using graphs/charts in business.
Don't skip: Describe the basic steps for creating a chart in MS Excel.; Explain the various elements of a chart with the help of a diagram.; Differentiate between a pie chart, a bar diagram, and a line graph with examples of their business use.
Safe to skip: Detailed steps for applying specific shape effects like Bevel, Shadow, and 3-D Rotation to a pie chart (Section 4.2.3, steps 8-20) can be de-prioritised under time pressure, as they are highly specific to software operation and less likely to be a standalone theory question.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. A graph is a pictorial representation of data with at least a 2-dimensional relationship using X and Y axes.
  2. A pie chart represents multiple sub-groups of a single variable and cannot plot more than seven categories.
  3. A bar diagram depicts two or more variables for comparing absolute values at discrete points.
  4. The chart area is the entire chart including all its elements.
  5. The plot area in a 2-D chart is the area bounded by the X and Y axes.
  6. Individual values plotted in a chart, like bars or columns, are called data points or data markers.
  7. Data markers of the same colour constitute a data series, which is identified by the legend.
  8. The legend is an identifier that distinguishes different data series or categories in a chart.
  9. A data label provides additional information, like the exact value, about a specific data marker.
  10. A 3-D chart has a third axis called the depth or Z-axis (series axis) for plotting data along an additional dimension.
  11. A radar chart compares aggregate values of multiple data series but does not have a horizontal category axis.
  12. A doughnut chart can display more than one data series in concentric rings, unlike a pie chart.
  13. The 'Switch Row/Column' feature on the Design tab swaps data between the X-axis and the legend entries.
  14. The intersection of the X and Y axes is called the origin, where both values are zero.
  15. Graphs help to explore data relationships, present information quickly, and convince audiences effectively.
  16. To create a chart in Excel, first enter and select the data, then click the Insert tab and choose a chart type.
  17. Chart formatting can be done using the Design, Layout, and Format tabs under Chart Tools.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. Which of the following best describes a pie chart?

  • A. Represents multiple sub-groups of a single variable as proportional slices ✓
  • B. Depicts two or more independent variables using bars or columns
  • C. Shows trends over time using a continuous line with multiple data points
  • D. Compares quarterly sales figures using vertical bars for each quarter

Answer: A — A pie chart specifically shows how one variable is divided into sub-groups, with each slice representing a proportion of the whole.

Q2. What are the two essential axes present in any basic graph?

  • A. Vertical axis and diagonal axis
  • B. Horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis) ✓
  • C. Time axis and value axis only
  • D. Category axis and percentage axis

Answer: B — Every basic 2-dimensional graph must have an X-axis (horizontal, containing categories) and a Y-axis (vertical, containing data values).

Q3. Which Excel tab is used to insert a chart or graph?

  • A. File tab
  • B. Home tab
  • C. Insert tab ✓
  • D. Review tab

Answer: C — The Insert tab on the Excel Ribbon contains the Charts group with tools to create various types of graphs and charts.

Q4. In Excel chart creation, what is the purpose of the Design tab?

  • A. To add spell-check and grammar corrections
  • B. To change chart type, layouts, styles, and swap row/column data ✓
  • C. To insert page numbers and headers/footers
  • D. To protect the chart from being edited

Answer: B — The Design tab allows users to modify the chart's appearance by changing type, layouts, styles, and switching how data is organized (rows to columns).

Q5. What is a data series in a chart?

  • A. Individual cells in the original Excel worksheet
  • B. Related data points plotted in a chart, each shown in a unique colour or pattern ✓
  • C. The title displayed above the chart
  • D. The grid lines that appear behind the chart

Answer: B — A data series consists of related data points in a chart, each represented in a unique colour or pattern and identified by the legend.

Q6. Which chart element identifies and explains the different data series or categories in a chart?

  • A. Chart title
  • B. Axis label
  • C. Legend ✓
  • D. Data marker

Answer: C — The legend is the key component that shows what each colour, pattern, or symbol in the chart represents, enabling readers to understand the data series.

Q7. If quarterly sales data shows QTR1: 25,844, QTR2: 11,295, QTR3: 14,744, QTR4: 21,886, which chart type would best visualize the trend across quarters?

  • A. Pie chart showing each quarter as a percentage of total sales
  • B. Column chart or line graph to show quarterly progression and trends ✓
  • C. Scatter plot with no connection between points
  • D. Bar chart with horizontal bars only

Answer: B — A column or line chart effectively displays how sales change over the four quarters, making trends and comparisons immediately visible.

Q8. What is the plot area in a 2-D chart?

  • A. The entire chart including all elements like title, legend, and axes
  • B. The area bounded by the X and Y axes where data markers are plotted ✓
  • C. Only the legend section that identifies data series
  • D. The space outside the chart where the title is written

Answer: B — The plot area is specifically the region enclosed by the horizontal and vertical axes where the actual data points (bars, lines, etc.) are displayed.

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a basic element of a chart? (A) Chart area, (B) Plot area, (C) Spreadsheet formula, (D) Data labels

  • A. Chart area
  • B. Plot area
  • C. Spreadsheet formula ✓
  • D. Data labels

Answer: C — Chart, plot area, data labels, legend, titles, and axes are all chart elements; spreadsheet formulas are tools used to calculate data but not a chart component itself.

Q10. To swap the X-axis data (Products) with the Y-axis data (Quarters) in an existing Excel chart, which sequence of steps is correct? (I) Click anywhere in the chart to display Chart Tools, (II) Go to Design tab, (III) Click the arrow at Switch Row/Column box

  • A. Only I and II are necessary
  • B. Only II and III are necessary
  • C. I, II, and III in that order ✓
  • D. III, I, and II in that order

Answer: C — All three steps must be followed in sequence: first click in the chart to activate Chart Tools, then access the Design tab, then use the Switch Row/Column feature.

Flashcards

What is a graph in data presentation?

A pictorial representation of data with at least 2-dimensional relationship (X-axis and Y-axis).

What does a pie chart represent?

Multiple sub-groups of a single variable shown as proportional slices.

What is the difference between a bar diagram and a pie chart?

Bar diagram depicts two or more variables, while pie chart shows sub-groups of only one variable.

Name the two axes in a basic graph.

X-axis (horizontal, contains categories) and Y-axis (vertical, contains data values).

What is a data series in a chart?

Related data points plotted in a chart, each shown in a unique colour or pattern, identified by the legend.

What is the plot area in a 2-D chart?

The area bounded by the X and Y axes where data markers are plotted.

What is the purpose of a legend in a chart?

To identify and explain the data series or different categories represented by colours or patterns in the chart.

What does the chart area include?

The entire chart including all elements such as plot area, axes, titles, legend, and data markers.

What is a data marker?

An individual value plotted in a chart, represented by bars, columns, lines, pie slices, or other shapes.

How can you swap row and column data in an Excel chart?

Click the chart, go to the Design tab, and click the arrow at the Switch Row/Column box.

Important Board Questions

Define a graph and explain how it differs from a pie chart in representing business data. [2 marks]

Graph requires 2 dimensions (X, Y axes) and shows relationships/trends; pie chart shows sub-groups of one variable only. Give one example for each.

Explain with an example how the elements of a chart (plot area, legend, data series, axis titles) help in communicating accounting information clearly to stakeholders. [5 marks]

Define each element briefly; show how together they make financial data (e.g., quarterly sales) understandable at a glance. Use ABC Manufacturing Company's quarterly sales example from notes.

The finance manager of XYZ Ltd. has created a column chart showing monthly revenue for six quarters (Q1–Q4 of two years). However, stakeholders want to see the same data rearranged so that each revenue stream (Product A, B, C) is on the X-axis and months are on the Y-axis. Explain the complete Excel procedure to restructure this chart, naming all steps and relevant toolbar options involved. [6 marks]

Step 1: Click in chart to activate Chart Tools (Design, Layout, Format tabs appear); Step 2: Use Design tab → Data group → Switch Row/Column button; Step 3: Explain how rows (months) and columns (products) swap positions. Include why design formatting matters for clarity.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Graphs and Charts for Business Data

Q1. Assertion (A):

A pie chart is the most appropriate choice for displaying the composition of total annual revenue across five product categories.

Reason (R):

Pie charts represent multiple sub-groups of a single variable and show the proportional contribution of each category to the whole.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both statements are true, and the reason directly explains why pie charts are suitable for showing composition. A pie chart's circular segments clearly display what percentage or proportion each product contributes to total revenue.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The legend in a chart serves to identify individual data markers by assigning colours or patterns.

Reason (R):

Data labels provide additional information about specific data points and replace the need for a legend in multi-series charts.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—legends identify data series through unique colours/patterns. However, the reason is false; data labels show specific values and do NOT replace legends. Both elements serve different identification purposes in multi-series charts.

Q3. Assertion (A):

In MS Excel, the 'Switch Row/Column' function located in the Design tab swaps which data is displayed on the X-axis versus the Y-axis.

Reason (R):

This function allows reorganization of data presentation without altering the actual underlying worksheet data.

Answer: B — Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A — Both statements are true. The function does swap axis assignment (Products on X becomes Quarters on X), and it affects only the chart's visual presentation, not the source data. However, the reason does not explain how or why the axis swap occurs—it only clarifies that source data remains unchanged.

Unlock more Assertion-Reason questions in Premium — unlock →

Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Graphs and Charts for Business Data

Case Study:

TechVision Ltd., an IT services company, prepared quarterly financial data for the fiscal year 2023-24. The company's revenue (in ₹ crores) from five service segments—Software Development, Cloud Services, Cybersecurity, Data Analytics, and Consulting—was tracked across all four quarters. The data analyst needs to create visual representations to present this information to the board of directors. The analyst is considering multiple chart options: a pie chart to show annual revenue composition by segment, a clustered bar chart to compare quarterly performance across segments, and a line graph to display revenue trends over the year. The company's total annual revenue was ₹320 crores, with Cloud Services contributing 35%, Software Development 25%, Cybersecurity 20%, Data Analytics 15%, and Consulting 5%.

Q1. Which chart type would be most appropriate for the board to quickly understand each service segment's contribution to the total annual revenue of ₹320 crores?

  • A. A clustered bar chart with quarters on X-axis and revenue on Y-axis
  • B. A pie chart with segments representing each service category ✓
  • C. A line graph with separate lines for each quarter
  • D. A stacked column chart for each quarter's composition

Answer: B

Q2. If TechVision Ltd. wants to present data comparing how each service segment's revenue varied across Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, which chart element would be essential to include for clear interpretation?

  • A. A legend to distinguish between different service segments by colour or pattern ✓
  • B. A single title indicating the total annual revenue
  • C. Gridlines spaced at 1 crore intervals only
  • D. A Z-axis to show profit margins

Answer: A

Q3. In Excel, if the analyst initially creates a clustered bar chart with service segments on the X-axis and revenue values on the Y-axis, what function would allow switching the display to show quarters on the X-axis instead?

  • A. The 'Change Chart Type' function in the Design tab
  • B. The 'Switch Row/Column' function in the Design tab ✓
  • C. The 'Add Legend' function in the Layout tab
  • D. The 'Format Data Series' function in the Format tab

Answer: B

Q4. Cloud Services contributed ₹112 crores (35% of ₹320 crores) annually. If this segment's revenue is displayed as a data marker in a bar chart, what is the primary function of the legend in helping the board interpret this information?

  • A. To show the exact numerical value of ₹112 crores
  • B. To identify which colour or pattern represents the Cloud Services segment ✓
  • C. To calculate the percentage contribution automatically
  • D. To replace the need for axis titles in the chart

Answer: B

Unlock more case studies in Premium — unlock →

Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Graphs and Charts for Business Data

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/3/1 · 1 mark

________ provides additional information about a data marker to identify the details of data point in a data series.

  • Source data
  • Secondary data
  • Data series
  • Data label

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/3/1 · 4 marks

What is a Chart/Graph? Explain its advantages.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/4/2 · 1 mark

A column chart can be changed to a pie chart because: I. Only one data series is used to plot it. II. The plotted data values are positive. III. The data values are not equal to zero also. IV. More than seven categories of data can be represented. Identify the correct option :

  • All except point I are correct.
  • All except point II are correct.
  • All except point III are correct.
  • All except point IV are correct.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/4/3 · 1 mark

A column chart can be changed to a pie chart because: I. Only one data series is used to plot it. II. The plotted data values are positive. III. The data values are not equal to zero also. IV. More than seven categories of data can be represented. Identify the correct option:

  • All except point I are correct.
  • All except point II are correct.
  • All except point III are correct.
  • All except point IV are correct.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/5/1 · 6 marks

Explain the steps involved in formatting the style of a chart element in MS Excel. Also state various shape fill options available to the user for enhancing the appearance of a chart.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/5/2 · 6 marks

Explain various options available to a user to change the shape outline of a chart element to improve its visual appearance.

CBSE 2026 · Set 67/5/3 · 6 marks

A company wants to present its sales data for last five years in a graphical form using MS Excel. As a student of Computerised Accounting, state steps to create a chart in Excel to represent the data visually.

CBSE 2025 · Set 67/4/2 · 3 marks

Write the advantages of using Graphs.

CBSE 2025 · Set 67/5/1 · 4 marks

State the steps to prepare a chart.

CBSE 2025 · Set 67/6/1 · 1 mark

Which chart element provides additional information about a data marker to identify the details of data in data series?

  • Data label
  • Data table
  • Data point
  • Data marks

CBSE 2025 · Set 67/7/1 · 1 mark

(b) Individual values represented by bars, columns, lines, pie or various forms plotted on a chart are known as :

  • data point
  • data label
  • data series
  • data markers

CBSE 2025 · Set 67/7/2 · 1 mark

Individual values represented by bars, columns, lines, pie or various forms plotted on a chart are known as:

  • data point
  • data label
  • data series
  • data markers

See all 22 board PYQs for this chapter — open PYQ tab →

Class 12 Accountancy Formula Sheet

Every formula, ratio and format from all 10 chapters on one page, checked against the NCERT textbook and the CBSE 2026-27 syllabus. Free PDF download.

View the formula sheet →

Class 12 Accountancy Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 1230 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

See all past board questions →

Found this useful? Share it with your class group.

You've seen the free preview. Open the full interactive study kit — mind map, instant-graded quiz, progress tracking — free, no sign-in required.

Open Full Study Kit — Free →

Premium unlocks the full Question Bank, Daily Practice Papers, Chapter Quiz and Full Mock Papers for every chapter.