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Manufacturing Industries

NCERT Class 10 · Social Science Based on NCERT Class 10 Social Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter explains the concept of manufacturing, its importance for economic development, and the classification of industries based on raw materials, role, investment, ownership, and bulk. It covers major agro-based and mineral-based industries in India, their location factors, and the environmental impact of industrialisation. The one big idea is that manufacturing is the backbone of economic development, but it must be balanced with environmental sustainability.
Key Concepts (27)
Manufacturing
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.
e.g. Paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore.
Agro-based industries
Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials.
e.g. Cotton textile, jute textile, sugar industry, tea, coffee, edible oil.
Mineral-based industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials.
e.g. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
Basic or key industries
Industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods.
e.g. Iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
Consumer industries
Industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers.
e.g. Sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans.
Small scale industry
Industry defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit; at present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
e.g. A small unit manufacturing electrical goods.
Public sector industries
Industries owned and operated by government agencies.
e.g. BHEL, SAIL.
Private sector industries
Industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
Joint sector industries
Industries jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
e.g. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
Cooperative sector industries
Industries owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both; they pool in resources and share profits or losses proportionately.
e.g. Sugar industry in Maharashtra, coir industry in Kerala.
Heavy industries
Industries that use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods.
e.g. Iron and steel industry.
Light industries
Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods.
e.g. Electrical goods industries.
Textile industry
The industry that occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings; it is self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw material to highest value added products.
e.g. Cotton textiles, jute textiles, silk, woollen textiles.
Iron and Steel industry
The basic industry since all other industries — heavy, medium and light — depend on it for their machinery.
e.g. Steel is needed to manufacture engineering goods, construction material, defence equipment, etc.
Aluminium Smelting
The second most important metallurgical industry in India; aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable, and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
e.g. Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils, and wires.
Chemical industry
A fast growing and diversifying industry comprising both large and small scale units; includes inorganic and organic sectors.
e.g. Inorganic: sulphuric acid, nitric acid, soda ash. Organic: petrochemicals, synthetic fibres, plastics.
Fertilizer industry
Industry centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers, and complex fertilizers; potash is entirely imported.
e.g. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala contribute half of the fertilizer production.
Cement industry
Industry essential for construction activity; requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, and gypsum.
e.g. First cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
Automobile industry
Industry providing vehicles for quick transport of goods and passengers; includes trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, and multi-utility vehicles.
e.g. Located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, etc.
Information Technology and Electronics industry
Industry covering a wide range of products from transistor sets to computers and telecommunication equipment; Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.
e.g. Major centres: Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune.
Air pollution
Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and airborne particulate materials like dust, sprays, mist, and smoke.
e.g. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants.
Water pollution
Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers; main culprits include paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries.
e.g. Dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers.
Noise pollution
Unwanted sound that causes irritation, anger, hearing impairment, increased heart rate, and blood pressure.
e.g. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws, and drills.
Thermal pollution
Pollution that occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
e.g. Hot water discharge from thermal power plants.
Primary treatment
Treatment of industrial effluents by mechanical means involving screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation.
e.g. First phase of effluent treatment.
Secondary treatment
Treatment of industrial effluents by biological process.
e.g. Second phase of effluent treatment.
Tertiary treatment
Treatment of industrial effluents by biological, chemical, and physical processes involving recycling of wastewater.
e.g. Third phase of effluent treatment.
How It Works
Classification of Industries
  1. Classify on the basis of source of raw materials: agro-based and mineral-based.
  2. Classify according to main role: basic or key industries and consumer industries.
  3. Classify on the basis of capital investment: small scale industry (max investment rupees one crore).
  4. Classify on the basis of ownership: public sector, private sector, joint sector, cooperative sector.
  5. Classify based on bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: heavy industries and light industries.
💡 Students often confuse 'basic industries' with 'mineral-based industries' — basic industries supply raw materials to other industries, while mineral-based industries use minerals as raw materials.
Process of Manufacture of Steel
  1. Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.
  2. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.
  3. The raw materials are processed in a blast furnace to produce pig iron.
  4. Pig iron is further processed to produce steel.
  5. Steel is then shaped into finished products like sheets, rods, beams, etc.
💡 The ratio of iron ore : coking coal : limestone is 4:2:1 — this is frequently asked in MCQs.
Process of Manufacturing Aluminium
  1. Bauxite, the raw material, is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
  2. Bauxite is refined to produce alumina.
  3. Alumina is smelted using electrolytic reduction to produce aluminium metal.
  4. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.
💡 Aluminium smelting requires huge amounts of electricity — location is often near cheap hydroelectric power.
Treatment of Industrial Effluents
  1. Primary treatment: mechanical means — screening, grinding, flocculation, and sedimentation.
  2. Secondary treatment: biological process to break down organic matter.
  3. Tertiary treatment: biological, chemical, and physical processes — involves recycling of wastewater.
💡 Students often mix up primary and secondary treatment — primary is mechanical, secondary is biological.
NTPC's Approach to Environmental Management
  1. Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
  2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
  3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing afforestation.
  4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system, and liquid waste management.
  5. Ecological monitoring, reviews, and online database management for all its power stations.
💡 NTPC has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001 — this is a potential MCQ.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing 'Basic Industries' with 'Mineral-based Industries'
✗ Basic industries are those that use minerals as raw materials.
→ Basic industries are defined by their role — they supply products as raw materials to other industries, not by the type of raw material they use.
✓ Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel and copper smelting.
⚠ Mixing up the ratio of raw materials in iron and steel industry
✗ Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are required in the ratio of 2:4:1.
→ The correct ratio is approximately 4:2:1 (iron ore : coking coal : limestone).
✓ Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.
⚠ Confusing 'Agro-based' with 'Mineral-based' industries
✗ Sugar industry is a mineral-based industry.
→ Sugar industry uses sugarcane (an agricultural product) as raw material, so it is agro-based.
✓ Sugar industry is an agro-based industry because it uses agricultural raw materials like sugarcane.
⚠ Thinking 'Small scale industry' limit is fixed permanently
✗ Small scale industry is defined with a maximum investment of rupees one crore, and this limit never changes.
→ The limit has changed over a period of time; at present it is rupees one crore, but it is subject to revision.
✓ A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
⚠ Confusing 'Public sector' with 'Private sector' examples
✗ TISCO is a public sector industry.
→ TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is owned and operated by individuals (Tata group), so it is a private sector industry.
✓ TISCO is a private sector industry owned and operated by individuals. SAIL is a public sector industry owned and operated by government agencies.
Compare & Contrast
Source of raw materials
Agro-based industries
Mineral-based industries
Agro-based industries use agricultural products as raw materials (e.g., cotton, jute, sugar), while mineral-based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials (e.g., iron ore, bauxite, limestone).
Main role in the economy
Basic (key) industries
Consumer industries
Basic industries supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods (e.g., iron and steel), while consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers (e.g., sugar, toothpaste).
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Short Answer (3 marks), 1 Long Answer (5 marks) — total 10 marks typically
Most asked: Importance of manufacturing · Classification of industries (especially agro-based vs mineral-based, public vs private sector) · Cotton textile industry and its location factors · Iron and steel industry — location factors and raw material ratio · Industrial pollution and control measures
Don't skip: Long answer question on 'How do industries pollute the environment and what steps can be taken to minimise degradation?' (5 marks); Short answer on classification of industries with examples (3 marks); MCQs on raw material ratio in steel, location factors of cotton textile, and ownership types
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
  2. Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of economic development.
  3. Industries are classified on the basis of raw materials, role, capital investment, ownership, and bulk of raw materials.
  4. Agro-based industries use agricultural raw materials; mineral-based industries use minerals and metals.
  5. Basic industries supply products as raw materials to other industries; consumer industries produce goods for direct use.
  6. Public sector industries are owned by government (e.g., SAIL, BHEL); private sector by individuals (e.g., TISCO, Dabur).
  7. The cotton textile industry is concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to availability of raw cotton, market, transport, labour, and moist climate.
  8. Iron and steel is a basic industry; raw materials iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are used in the ratio 4:2:1.
  9. Aluminium smelting requires regular supply of electricity and is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
  10. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer and includes both inorganic and organic sectors.
  11. Industrial pollution includes air, water, land, and noise pollution.
  12. Primary treatment of effluents is mechanical; secondary is biological; tertiary involves recycling.
  13. NTPC has ISO 14001 certification for Environment Management System.
  14. Every litre of waste water discharged by industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater.
  15. Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of India.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. Harish's father explained that diyas are made by individual artisans in household industry, while shoes and clothes are manufactured by machines in large industries. Based on the chapter, which characteristic BEST distinguishes these two types of industries?

  • A. Capital investment and scale of production ✓
  • B. Whether they use agro-based or mineral-based raw materials
  • C. Whether they are in public or private sector ownership
  • D. Whether they export goods or sell only domestically

Answer: A — Household industries use minimal capital and produce in small quantities, while large industries require significant capital investment and produce in bulk; students often confuse this with ownership type (option C) or raw material source (option B).

Q2. A farmer in Maharashtra grows sugarcane and sells it to a nearby sugar factory. The factory then sells sugar to retailers. According to the chapter, what is the PRIMARY economic benefit of this manufacturing industry to the farmer?

  • A. It reduces the farmer's dependence solely on agricultural income and provides him market access ✓
  • B. It guarantees that the farmer will never face crop failure
  • C. It eliminates the need for the farmer to grow any other crops
  • D. It ensures the farmer receives the highest possible price for sugarcane

Answer: A — The chapter states manufacturing industries reduce dependence on agricultural income and create jobs; students often choose B (overgeneralizing benefit), confusing certainty of income with diversified economic opportunity.

Q3. India's textile industry is described in the chapter as 'self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw material to the highest value added products.' Which of the following BEST explains why this characteristic strengthens India's competitive position in the global market?

  • A. It allows India to control quality, reduce costs, and retain profits across all stages of production ✓
  • B. It ensures that all textile workers earn the same wages globally
  • C. It guarantees that Indian cloth will always be cheaper than imported cloth
  • D. It eliminates the need for India to import any raw materials

Answer: A — Complete value chain means integrated control over production, quality, and profitability; students often confuse this with wage equality (B) or absolute price advantage (C), missing the strategic economic advantage concept.

Q4. A new electronics factory is being set up in a remote tribal area to manufacture mobile phone components. According to the chapter's explanation of why manufacturing is important, what is the PRIMARY intended outcome of locating this industry in a backward region?

  • A. To bring down regional disparities and provide employment in the secondary sector ✓
  • B. To extract mineral resources from tribal lands more efficiently
  • C. To reduce urban congestion in major metropolitan areas
  • D. To ensure that all manufactured goods are produced only in rural areas

Answer: A — The chapter explicitly states industrial development aims to eradicate unemployment and bring down regional disparities by establishing industries in backward areas; students often choose B, incorrectly linking industry location to resource extraction.

Q5. Assertion (A): Cotton textile industry in ancient India flourished using handloom weaving, but faced a setback during the colonial period. Reason (R): English mill-made cloth was cheaper and of lower quality than handmade Indian cloth, so Indian weavers could not compete. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false ✓
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: C — A is true—the chapter confirms the setback during colonial period—but R is false; English cloth was competitive NOT because of lower quality but because it was machine-made and thus cheaper and faster to produce, not lower quality.

Q6. Assertion (A): Small scale industries are defined by maximum capital investment limits that have remained constant over time. Reason (R): The current maximum investment limit for a small scale industry in India is one crore rupees. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true ✓

Answer: D — A is false because the chapter explicitly states 'This limit has changed over a period of time'; R is true—the current limit is one crore rupees—but R does not explain A since the limit is not constant.

Q7. Assertion (A): Iron and steel industries are classified as heavy industries while electrical goods industries are classified as light industries. Reason (R): Heavy industries use bulk raw materials and produce heavy finished goods, while light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — Both statements are accurate per the chapter's classification system; R directly explains the distinction made in A through the criterion of bulk and weight.

Q8. According to the chapter, 'The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.' This statement is justified because manufacturing industries: (I) Modernise agriculture and reduce dependence on agricultural income (II) Eradicate unemployment and reduce regional disparities (III) Generate foreign exchange through export of manufactured goods Which of the above are valid reasons given in the chapter?

  • A. Only I and II
  • B. Only II and III
  • C. I, II, and III ✓
  • D. Only I and III

Answer: C — All three reasons are explicitly listed in the 'Importance of Manufacturing' section of the chapter; students often miss reason II or confuse which benefits belong to manufacturing industries.

Q9. Source-based: 'The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.' Based on this extract, which characteristic makes the textile industry 'unique' compared to other manufacturing industries?

  • A. It produces the largest quantity of goods compared to all other industries
  • B. It has complete integration from raw material to highest value added products with self-reliance ✓
  • C. It employs more workers than any other industry in India
  • D. It is the only industry that exports goods and earns foreign exchange

Answer: B — The extract specifically highlights complete value chain integration and self-reliance as the unique characteristic; students often choose A (confusing size with uniqueness) or D (overlooking that other industries also export).

Q10. Source-based: 'In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.' Which of the following factors listed in this extract would NOT apply to the location of an iron and steel industry?

  • A. Availability of raw materials and transport facilities
  • B. Access to labour and market for finished goods
  • C. Moist climate suitable for processing raw materials ✓
  • D. Accessible port facilities for trade

Answer: C — Moist climate was specifically needed for cotton textile processing; iron and steel production requires different locational factors such as proximity to coal and iron ore deposits, not climate; students often overlook industry-specific locational requirements.

Flashcards

What is manufacturing?

Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable finished products.

Why is manufacturing called the backbone of economic development?

It modernizes agriculture, creates jobs in secondary sector, reduces unemployment and poverty, and brings foreign exchange through exports.

What is the difference between agro-based and mineral-based industries?

Agro-based industries use agricultural raw materials (cotton, sugar, edible oil) while mineral-based industries use mineral raw materials (iron ore, bauxite, limestone).

What are basic industries and give one example?

Basic or key industries supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods; iron and steel is a major example.

Define small scale industry according to current CBSE standards.

A small scale industry is one where maximum investment allowed on assets is up to one crore rupees.

Name the four types of industries based on ownership.

Public sector (government-owned like SAIL), Private sector (individual-owned like TISCO), Joint sector (state and private combined like OIL), and Cooperative sector.

Why is textile industry self-reliant in India?

It has a complete value chain from raw cotton to finished products like finished cloth, and requires no imports at any stage.

Which states have centralized cotton spinning and why?

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu because they have raw cotton availability, suitable moist climate, labour, and accessible port facilities.

Why is weaving decentralized in textile industry?

To preserve and incorporate traditional skills, designs and weaving techniques specific to different regions in handloom, powerloom and mill production.

What is the relationship between agriculture and manufacturing industries?

Manufacturing industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers and machines back to farmers, moving hand in hand.

Important Board Questions

What is manufacturing? Name any two industries that are based on agricultural raw materials. [2 marks]

Define manufacturing as processing raw materials into finished goods in large quantities; name any two from: cotton textiles, jute, silk, sugar, edible oil, tea, or coffee industries.

Explain why the cotton textile industry was initially concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat. Give three reasons. [3 marks]

Three reasons: (1) Availability of raw cotton in these regions, (2) Accessible port facilities for export, (3) Moist climate suitable for spinning and presence of labour; you can also mention market accessibility.

The textile industry is called self-reliant and complete in value chain. Explain this statement with reference to how it functions from raw material to finished products. Also discuss why weaving is decentralized despite centralized spinning, and what this tells us about India's industrial strategy. [5 marks]

Complete value chain means raw cotton → spinning → weaving → dyeing → designing → packaging → finished cloth with no imports needed at any stage. Weaving decentralized to preserve regional traditional skills and designs (handloom embroidery, zari work), while spinning centralized for efficiency and world-class quality — shows India balances modernization with cultural preservation and employment generation.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Manufacturing Industries

Q1. Assertion (A):

Manufacturing is considered the backbone of economic development in a country.

Reason (R):

Manufacturing industries help modernize agriculture, reduce unemployment, earn foreign exchange through exports, and transform raw materials into high-value products.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why manufacturing is considered the backbone of economic development. The study material explicitly lists these benefits as the main reasons for manufacturing's importance.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The textile industry is the only industry in India that is self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw material to finished products.

Reason (R):

India has sufficient cotton production and exports all its textile products to international markets.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true as stated in the study material, but the reason is false. While India does produce cotton, the assertion about self-reliance relates to the complete value chain process (spinning, weaving, dyeing, packaging), not merely to cotton availability or export volume. The reason does not accurately explain why the textile industry has this unique position.

Q3. Assertion (A):

Cooperative sector industries pool resources and share profits proportionately among all members.

Reason (R):

Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated exclusively by the government for public welfare.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true - the study material clearly defines cooperative sector industries as owned and operated by producers, suppliers, or workers who pool resources and share profits proportionately. However, the reason is false because cooperative sector industries are not owned by government exclusively; they are owned by cooperating individuals or groups. This is distinct from public sector industries.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Manufacturing Industries

Case Study:

Rajesh owns a small textile workshop in Tamil Nadu producing cotton fabrics. He purchases raw cotton from farmers in surrounding villages, employs local weavers who use traditional hand-loom techniques, and sells finished fabrics to traders in the local market. Recently, he decided to expand his business by adding modern power-looms to increase production. He also began exporting high-quality fabrics to international markets. This expansion required investment of Rs. 80 lakhs in machinery and infrastructure. His workshop now serves both domestic consumers and international buyers while still maintaining the employment of traditional weavers.

Q1. What is the maximum investment limit for Rajesh's workshop to remain classified as a small-scale industry?

  • A. Rs. 50 lakhs
  • B. Rs. 1 crore ✓
  • C. Rs. 2 crores
  • D. Rs. 5 crores

Answer: B

Q2. Which type of industry classification does Rajesh's textile workshop represent based on the raw materials used?

  • A. Mineral-based industry
  • B. Agro-based industry ✓
  • C. Heavy industry
  • D. Consumer goods industry

Answer: B

Q3. How does Rajesh's workshop demonstrate the interconnection between agriculture and manufacturing?

  • A. It completely replaces agricultural activities
  • B. It has no connection with agriculture
  • C. It purchases raw cotton from farmers and provides employment while agriculture supplies raw materials ✓
  • D. It only sells products to agricultural workers

Answer: C

Q4. By exporting fabrics to international markets, Rajesh's workshop contributes to the country's economic development by—

  • A. Reducing domestic textile production
  • B. Decreasing employment opportunities
  • C. Earning foreign exchange and expanding trade and commerce ✓
  • D. Eliminating traditional weaving techniques

Answer: C

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Manufacturing Industries

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 5 marks

Explain the role of industries in increasing air pollution and suggest any three measures to reduce air pollution.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 3 marks

[Diagram/Map-based question — skipped]

On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols: (i) Leading state in production of Jute (ii) Atomic Power Plant located in Gujarat (iii) Iron and Steel Plant located in Jharkhand (iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/3 · 3 marks

Explain the importance of the manufacturing sector in the development of India.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/1 · 5 marks

Explain the role of industries in increasing air pollution and suggest measures to control it.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/2 · 5 marks

Explain the importance of manufacturing industry in the Indian economy.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/3 · 5 marks

How do industries increase air pollution? Suggest any three measures to reduce air pollution.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/3/1 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option : Assertion (A) : Most of the jute industry in India is located in a narrow belt along the banks of Hugli river. Reason (R) : India is the second largest exporter of jute.

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/3/2 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): Most of the jute industry in India is located in a narrow belt along the banks of Hugli river. Reason (R): India is the second largest exporter of jute.

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/3/3 · 1 mark

Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): Most of the jute industry in India is located in a narrow belt along the banks of Hugli river. Reason (R): India is the second largest exporter of jute.

  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/2/1 · 3 marks

"India's prosperity lies in expanding and diversifying its manufacturing industries." Justify the statement.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/2/2 · 3 marks

'Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of an economic development.' Justify the statement.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/2/2 · 1 mark

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Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 805 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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Class 10 Social Science Map Work

All 87 places on the CBSE 2026-27 map list, with where each is and what to remember, marked with the board years (2022–2026) each was asked. Free PDF download.

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