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Globalisation and the Indian Economy

NCERT Class 10 · Social Science Based on NCERT Class 10 Social Science textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter explains the process of globalisation as the rapid integration of countries through foreign trade and foreign investment by multinational corporations (MNCs). It explores how MNCs spread production across countries, the factors that have enabled globalisation (technology, liberalisation, WTO), and the impact of globalisation on India — both positive (for consumers, skilled workers, and large companies) and negative (for small producers and workers). The one big idea a student must walk away with is that globalisation has interconnected the world economically, but its benefits and costs are unevenly distributed, making the struggle for fair globalisation essential.
Key Concepts (11)
Globalisation
Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through greater foreign trade and foreign investment by multinational corporations (MNCs).
e.g. Indian markets now sell mobile phones made by Samsung (South Korea), cars by Ford (USA), and toys from China, showing integration of markets across countries.
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
A multinational corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
e.g. Ford Motors, an American company, has production spread over 26 countries and set up a plant near Chennai in India in 1995.
Foreign Investment
Investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment. It is the money spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment in another country.
e.g. Ford Motors spent Rs. 1700 crore to set up a large plant near Chennai in India.
Foreign Trade
Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It creates an opportunity for producers to reach beyond domestic markets and for buyers to expand choice of goods.
e.g. Chinese toys being exported to India and sold in Indian markets is an example of foreign trade.
Integration of Markets
Integration of markets means that with the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to another, choice of goods rises, prices of similar goods tend to become equal, and producers in different countries closely compete with each other.
e.g. Due to foreign trade, Chinese toys became available in Indian markets, making Indian buyers have more choice and cheaper prices, while Indian toy makers faced competition.
Trade Barrier
A trade barrier is a restriction set up by the government to regulate foreign trade, such as tax on imports (tariff) or quotas (limit on number of goods that can be imported).
e.g. Tax on import of Chinese toys would make them more expensive in India, reducing imports and protecting Indian toy-makers.
Liberalisation
Liberalisation is the removal of barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade and foreign investment, allowing businesses to make decisions freely about what to import or export.
e.g. Starting around 1991, India removed barriers on foreign trade and investment, allowing goods to be imported and exported easily and foreign companies to set up factories in India.
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an international organisation whose aim is to liberalise international trade. It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. About 160 countries are currently members.
e.g. WTO rules forced developing countries like India to remove trade barriers, while developed countries like the US continue to give massive subsidies to their farmers, which developing countries argue is unfair.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are industrial zones set up by the government with world-class facilities (electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities) where companies do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
e.g. The Indian government is setting up SEZs to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
Flexible Labour Laws
Flexible labour laws allow companies to hire workers on a temporary basis for short periods when there is intense pressure of work, instead of hiring them on a regular basis, to reduce the cost of labour.
e.g. In the garment export industry, earlier factories employed workers on a permanent basis, but now they employ workers only on a temporary basis to cut labour costs.
Fair Globalisation
Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. The government can play a major role by protecting the interests of all people, not just the rich and powerful.
e.g. The government can ensure labour laws are implemented, support small producers, use trade barriers if necessary, and negotiate at WTO for fairer rules.
How It Works
How MNCs Spread Production Across Countries
  1. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources to lower production costs and earn greater profits.
  2. They divide the production process into small parts and spread them out across the globe — e.g., design in the US, components manufactured in China, assembly in Mexico/Eastern Europe, customer care in India.
  3. MNCs set up production jointly with local companies, providing money for additional investments and latest technology.
  4. MNCs buy up local companies to expand production — e.g., Cargill Foods bought over Parakh Foods in India.
  5. MNCs place orders for production with small producers (garments, footwear, sports items) and sell these under their own brand names, determining price, quality, delivery, and labour conditions.
  6. MNCs also closely compete with local companies or buy them up, exerting strong influence on production at distant locations.
💡 Students often forget that MNCs not only set up new factories but also buy up local companies and place orders with small producers — all three are common routes.
How Foreign Trade Leads to Integration of Markets
  1. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for producers to reach beyond domestic markets and for buyers to expand choice of goods.
  2. Goods travel from one market to another — e.g., Chinese toys come into Indian markets.
  3. Choice of goods in the markets rises — Indian buyers now have both Indian and Chinese toys.
  4. Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal — Chinese toys are cheaper, so Indian toy prices may fall.
  5. Producers in the two countries now closely compete against each other even though separated by thousands of miles.
  6. This results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.
💡 Students often think integration of markets means only more choice — they must also mention that prices tend to become equal and producers compete across borders.
How Liberalisation of Trade and Investment Policy Enabled Globalisation
  1. After Independence, India put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, allowing imports of only essential items.
  2. Starting around 1991, the government decided Indian producers should compete globally and removed barriers to a large extent.
  3. Removing barriers or restrictions is called liberalisation — goods could now be imported and exported easily, and foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India.
  4. With liberalisation, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely about what to import or export, with much less government restrictions.
💡 Students often confuse liberalisation with globalisation — liberalisation is the removal of barriers that enables globalisation, not the same process.
How Globalisation Affects Workers (The 'Flexible' Employment Cycle)
  1. Large MNCs in developed countries order products from Indian exporters, looking for the cheapest goods to maximise profits.
  2. To get these large orders, Indian exporters try to cut their own costs — since raw material costs cannot be reduced, they cut labour costs.
  3. Instead of hiring workers on a permanent basis, they hire workers only on a temporary basis to avoid paying for the whole year.
  4. Workers have to put in very long working hours and work night shifts during peak season, with low wages and no benefits like health insurance or provident fund.
  5. Workers are forced to work overtime to make both ends meet, and a day off means no wage.
  6. While MNCs make large profits, workers are denied their fair share of benefits brought about by globalisation.
💡 Students often blame MNCs alone — they must also understand that Indian exporters cut labour costs to compete for MNC orders, creating a chain of pressure.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing Globalisation with Liberalisation
✗ Globalisation is the removal of trade barriers by the government.
→ Globalisation is the process of rapid integration between countries through foreign trade and investment, while liberalisation is the removal of barriers that enables globalisation. They are related but distinct concepts.
✓ Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through greater foreign trade and foreign investment by MNCs. Liberalisation, which is the removal of trade barriers, has facilitated this process.
⚠ Thinking MNCs Only Set Up New Factories
✗ MNCs set up new factories in other countries to spread production.
→ While setting up new factories is one way, the most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies. They also place orders with small producers and form joint ventures.
✓ MNCs spread production in various ways: they set up new factories, buy up local companies (e.g., Cargill buying Parakh Foods), form partnerships with local companies, and place orders with small producers who supply under MNC brand names.
⚠ Claiming Globalisation Has Benefited Everyone Equally
✗ Globalisation has improved the living conditions of all people in India.
→ The chapter clearly states that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. Well-off consumers and skilled workers have benefited, but many small producers and workers have suffered due to rising competition and job insecurity.
✓ Globalisation has benefited well-off consumers and producers with education, skill and wealth, but many small producers (e.g., Ravi's capacitor unit) and workers (e.g., Sushila the garment worker) have faced losses, joblessness, and poor working conditions.
⚠ Misunderstanding the Role of WTO as Truly Fair
✗ WTO ensures free and fair trade for all countries equally.
→ In practice, developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers (e.g., massive subsidies to US farmers) while forcing developing countries to remove barriers. This is not free and fair trade.
✓ Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers while forcing developing countries to remove them. Developing countries argue this is not free and fair trade.
⚠ Thinking Foreign Trade Only Benefits Consumers
✗ Foreign trade gives consumers more choice and lower prices.
→ While this is true, foreign trade also has negative effects — it can hurt domestic producers who cannot compete with cheaper imports, as seen with Indian toy makers losing business to Chinese toys.
✓ Foreign trade gives consumers greater choice and lower prices, but it also creates competition that can harm domestic producers. For example, Chinese toys became popular in India, causing 70-80% of toy shops to replace Indian toys, leading to losses for Indian toy makers.
Compare & Contrast
Definition and nature of cross-border economic activity
Foreign Trade
Foreign Investment
Foreign trade involves the exchange of goods and services across countries (imports and exports), while foreign investment involves MNCs spending money to buy assets (land, building, machines) in another country to set up production.
Government policy towards foreign trade and investment
Trade Barrier
Liberalisation
Trade barriers are restrictions (like taxes on imports or quotas) set by the government to regulate foreign trade and protect domestic producers, while liberalisation is the removal of these barriers to allow free flow of goods and investment.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: 2 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 Short Answer (3 marks), 1 Long Answer (5 marks) — total 10 marks. Occasionally a case-based question (4 marks) replacing the short answer.
Most asked: Definition and role of MNCs in globalisation · Factors enabling globalisation (technology, liberalisation, WTO) · Impact of globalisation on India (positive and negative) · Fair globalisation and the role of government · Foreign trade and integration of markets
Don't skip: Long answer (5 marks) on 'Impact of globalisation in India' — must cover both positive effects (consumers, MNCs, top Indian companies) and negative effects (small producers, workers).; Short answer (3 marks) on 'Role of MNCs in globalisation' or 'How foreign trade leads to integration of markets'.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. Globalisation is the process of rapid integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investment by MNCs.
  2. A multinational corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
  3. Foreign investment is the money spent by MNCs to buy assets like land, building, and machines in another country.
  4. MNCs set up production where they get cheap labour, close to markets, and favourable government policies.
  5. The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies.
  6. Foreign trade leads to integration of markets by increasing choice, equalising prices, and creating competition between producers across countries.
  7. Trade barriers are restrictions like taxes on imports or quotas used by governments to regulate foreign trade.
  8. Liberalisation is the removal of barriers on foreign trade and investment, started in India around 1991.
  9. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) aims to liberalise international trade but is criticised for forcing developing countries to remove barriers while developed countries retain them.
  10. Globalisation has benefited well-off consumers and skilled producers but has hurt small producers and workers through competition and job insecurity.
  11. Fair globalisation requires government policies that protect all people, support small producers, and negotiate fairer rules at the WTO.
  12. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are industrial zones with world-class facilities and tax exemptions to attract foreign investment.
  13. Flexible labour laws allow companies to hire workers temporarily, reducing costs but making jobs insecure.
  14. People's organisations and campaigns have influenced WTO decisions, showing that people can play a role in the struggle for fair globalisation.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. India's automobile market saw a dramatic transformation after liberalisation, with brands like Toyota, Hyundai, and Maruti replacing only Ambassador and Fiat. Which of the following BEST explains why MNCs like these entered India during this period?

  • A. MNCs sought access to India's large consumer market and lower production costs through liberalised trade policies ✓
  • B. The Indian government forced foreign car companies to manufacture in India as a legal requirement
  • C. MNCs entered India only to export cars back to Europe and America
  • D. India's technology sector was more advanced than other countries, making it attractive for car design

Answer: A — Liberalisation opened India's markets and reduced barriers to FDI; MNCs were attracted by both market size and cost advantages, not government force (B), export-only motives (C), or tech superiority (D).

Q2. Assertion (A): Multinational corporations locate their production facilities in multiple countries to reduce the overall cost of manufacturing. Reason (R): Different countries offer varying levels of labour costs, raw materials availability, and infrastructure, allowing MNCs to optimise their profit margins. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — R directly explains why MNCs pursue the strategy described in A; cost reduction through location optimization is the primary driver of global production spread.

Q3. Read the passage: 'A large MNC, producing industrial equipment, designs its products in research centres in the United States, and then has the components manufactured in China. These are then shipped to Mexico and Eastern Europe where the products are assembled and the finished products are sold all over the world. Meanwhile, the company's customer care is carried out through call centres located in India.' Based on this example, which process is being demonstrated?

  • A. Integration of production across different countries for cost efficiency and specialisation ✓
  • B. Complete self-sufficiency of one country in all manufacturing stages
  • C. The export of finished goods only without any foreign investment
  • D. The closure of domestic industries in favour of overseas operations

Answer: A — The passage exemplifies how MNCs integrate production globally—design in US, components in China, assembly in Mexico/Eastern Europe, services in India—showing specialisation and cost optimisation, not autarky (B), simple export (C), or domestic closure (D).

Q4. A farmer in Punjab observes that agricultural imports from countries with lower production costs are now freely entering Indian markets after trade liberalisation. How would this development MOST LIKELY affect his farming decisions?

  • A. He would be forced to adopt more efficient farming techniques or shift to high-value crops to remain competitive ✓
  • B. His yield would automatically increase because of global knowledge transfer
  • C. He would face no pressure because tariffs still fully protect Indian agriculture
  • D. Government subsidies would eliminate all challenges from imports

Answer: A — Trade liberalisation exposes domestic farmers to competition, forcing adaptation (A); automatic yield increase (B) doesn't follow from imports, tariff protection is reduced post-liberalisation (C), and subsidies alone don't eliminate competitive pressure (D).

Q5. Assertion (A): The WTO has facilitated globalisation by pressuring member nations to liberalise their trade and investment policies. Reason (R): The WTO is an international organisation that negotiates trade agreements and enforces rules that reduce barriers between countries. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — R accurately explains the mechanism by which A occurs; WTO's role in negotiating and enforcing reduced trade barriers directly drives liberalisation and globalisation.

Q6. Read the extract: 'Technology has revolutionised communication and transportation. Container ships, express delivery networks, and the Internet now allow companies to coordinate production across continents in real time.' How has this technological advancement SPECIFICALLY enabled the MNC production model described in Chapter 4?

  • A. It allows MNCs to design products in one country, manufacture components in another, and assemble in a third while maintaining quality and efficiency ✓
  • B. Technology has eliminated the need for workers in developing countries
  • C. It enables all countries to have identical production capabilities and costs
  • D. Technology transfer ensures every nation develops independently without MNC involvement

Answer: A — Modern technology enables the complex global integration of production shown in the chapter—design-manufacture-assemble-service across borders; it doesn't eliminate workers (B), equalise costs (C), or prevent MNC involvement (D).

Q7. Assertion (A): Before the emergence of MNCs in the mid-20th century, India's colonial economy was primarily based on exporting raw materials and importing finished goods. Reason (R): Colonial powers structured their economies to extract resources from colonies and sell manufactured goods back to them, creating a dependent trade relationship. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — R provides the economic logic underlying A; the colonial structure explicitly created this raw-material-export, finished-goods-import pattern of dependency.

Q8. A government considers whether to liberalise its foreign investment policies. Based on Chapter 4's discussion of globalisation, which outcome would MOST LIKELY occur if it removes restrictions on MNC entry?

  • A. MNCs would establish production facilities, creating jobs but potentially competing with and displacing domestic small industries ✓
  • B. All domestic industries would immediately close due to foreign competition
  • C. Consumer prices would increase because of additional taxation on imports
  • D. Technology would flow one-way from the country to MNCs, leaving the nation technologically backward

Answer: A — Liberalisation attracts MNC investment and creates jobs (A), but this also generates competition for local businesses—the chapter's key trade-off; complete closures (B), price increases from MNC entry (C), and one-way tech drain (D) are not necessary outcomes.

Q9. Read the scenario: 'After India's liberalisation, a global consumer electronics MNC opened a manufacturing facility in Noida, employing 5,000 workers. The facility imports components from Japan and China, assembles them into finished products, and sells 60% domestically and 40% for export.' What does this example BEST illustrate about integration in globalised production?

  • A. Integration of production (importing components) and integration of markets (both domestic and export sales) ✓
  • B. Complete self-sufficiency in manufacturing without any dependence on imports
  • C. India exporting only raw materials while importing finished electronics
  • D. The elimination of all domestic Indian electronics companies

Answer: A — The scenario demonstrates both production integration (importing components from multiple countries) and market integration (selling in India and globally)—two key concepts in Chapter 4 explaining globalisation; it doesn't show self-sufficiency (B), colonial-era patterns (C), or industry elimination (D).

Q10. Assertion (A): Rapid technological improvements are listed in Chapter 4 as a major facilitating factor of globalisation. Reason (R): Improvements in telecommunications and transportation reduce the time and cost of coordinating production across different countries and markets. Choose the correct option:

  • A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ✓
  • B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • C. A is true but R is false
  • D. A is false but R is true

Answer: A — R directly explains why technology (A) is a facilitating factor—reduced coordination time and cost make global production networks feasible and profitable.

Flashcards

What is a Multinational Corporation (MNC)?

A company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.

Why do MNCs spread production to different countries?

To find cheap labour and resources, reduce production costs, and earn higher profits.

What was the main channel connecting distant countries before 1950?

Trade in raw materials, foodstuff, and finished products between nations.

Name one technological factor that has facilitated globalisation.

Rapid improvements in technology (transportation, communication, internet) have made global production easier.

What does 'integration of production' mean in the context of globalisation?

Production is divided into small parts and spread across different countries based on cost advantages.

Give an example of how MNCs use India's advantage in globalisation.

India's call centres provide customer care services to MNCs globally due to availability of skilled, cheap labour.

What role does the WTO play in globalisation?

The WTO pressurises countries to liberalise their trade and investment policies, facilitating MNC entry.

How has the Indian market for consumer goods changed in the last 20 years?

Wide variety of foreign brands and products are now available in Indian markets due to globalisation and MNC presence.

What is meant by 'liberalisation of trade and investment policies'?

Removal of government restrictions on foreign trade and investment, allowing MNCs easier entry into a country.

Why is the example of garment production important in understanding globalisation?

It shows how a single product involves multiple countries (cotton from Korea, stitching in Thailand, etc.), illustrating global production fragmentation.

Important Board Questions

Define Multinational Corporation (MNC) and explain with one example how MNCs contribute to globalisation. [2 marks]

Define MNC as company owning/controlling production in multiple nations. Example: Call centres in India serving global customers, OR garment production using resources from multiple countries (Korea cotton → Thailand stitching). Focus on how it spreads production across borders.

Explain the difference between trade before 1950 and globalisation after 1950 in terms of how countries are connected. Why is this difference important? [3 marks]

Before 1950: Countries connected only through trade in raw materials and finished goods (colonies exported raw materials, imported finished goods). After 1950: MNCs spread actual production across multiple countries—components made in different nations, assembled elsewhere. This is important because it creates deeper economic integration, not just exchange of goods, and changes how labour and profits are distributed globally.

Analyse how technology, liberalisation of trade policies, and WTO pressure have together facilitated the growth of MNCs in the last 30 years. Use examples from India to support your answer. [5 marks]

Technology: Internet and telecom enabled call centres in India to serve global customers; improved transport connected supply chains. Liberalisation: Removed govt restrictions allowing foreign companies to set up factories and offices in India; enabled companies like Hyundai, Toyota to manufacture cars in India. WTO pressure: Pushed countries to open markets, reducing tariffs on foreign goods (visible in variety of consumer products in Indian shops). India example: Call centres in Bengaluru leverage cheap skilled labour; automotive factories attract MNCs; Indian consumers access global brands. Together these factors created conditions where production could be fragmented globally with India as a key node.

Assertion-Reason Questions for Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Q1. Assertion (A):

Multinational Corporations have been a major force in the globalisation process over the last thirty years.

Reason (R):

MNCs own or control production facilities in multiple countries and spread their operations to regions with cheap labour and resources.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why MNCs have been a major force in globalisation - their business model of establishing production across countries has fundamentally connected distant regions through integrated supply chains and markets.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The transformation of Indian consumer markets in the last two decades is primarily due to globalisation.

Reason (R):

Indian government policies have completely restricted the import of all foreign goods.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true as the chapter clearly demonstrates the transformation of markets through the availability of new brands. However, the reason is false because the government has actually liberalised policies to allow foreign goods and investments, not restricted them. Liberalisation, not restriction, has enabled this transformation.

Q3. Assertion (A):

In modern globalisation, products labeled 'Made in Thailand' may actually contain components from multiple countries.

Reason (R):

MNCs divide the production process into small parts and spread them across the globe to reduce costs and maximize efficiency.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true and directly related. The garment industry example proves the assertion by showing components from Korea used in Thai-labeled products, and the reason correctly explains why this happens - MNCs optimize each production step by location.

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Case Study:

Nike, a major sportswear MNC, designs its shoes in design centres located in Portland, USA. The raw materials like rubber and leather are sourced from suppliers in Indonesia and Vietnam. The shoe components are manufactured in factories across China and Thailand, where labour costs are significantly lower. Final assembly takes place in Mexico and Brazil. The finished products are then shipped to retail stores across the world, including India. Distribution centres in India handle the warehousing and supply of Nike products to Indian retailers. This entire process involves coordination across multiple countries and time zones, made possible by advanced logistics technology and liberalised trade policies.

Q1. Why does Nike choose to manufacture components in China and Thailand rather than in the USA?

  • A. These countries have superior shoe-making technology
  • B. Labour costs are significantly lower in these countries, reducing production costs ✓
  • C. The USA has banned manufacturing of shoe components
  • D. These countries produce better quality raw materials

Answer: B

Q2. Which aspect of Nike's operations best demonstrates the integration of production across countries?

  • A. All shoes are designed and manufactured in one country
  • B. Design, raw material sourcing, manufacturing, assembly, and distribution happen across different countries ✓
  • C. Only developed countries are involved in Nike's production
  • D. Production is limited to retail sales in India

Answer: B

Q3. What role do liberalised trade policies play in Nike's global production network?

  • A. They enable the free movement of components and finished products across countries without heavy tariffs ✓
  • B. They restrict the movement of goods between countries
  • C. They force all companies to manufacture in their home countries
  • D. They have no impact on MNC operations

Answer: A

Q4. How does the availability of Nike products in Indian retail stores reflect the impact of globalisation?

  • A. It shows that globalisation has brought limited product choice to Indian consumers
  • B. It indicates that India produces all of Nike's components
  • C. It proves that Indian companies no longer manufacture sports shoes
  • D. It demonstrates expanded consumer choice as Indian consumers now have access to global brands ✓

Answer: D

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/1 · 1 mark

The removal of barriers on foreign trade and investment by the Indian government has been called as:

  • Industrialisation
  • Nationalisation
  • Privatisation
  • Liberalisation

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/4/1 · 3 marks

New technology has helped to connect the world. Justify the statement with suitable arguments.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 1 mark

Look at the given cartoon carefully and answer the question that follow: Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in the cartoon? [Diagram/Map-based question — skipped]

  • Inclusive economic growth amongst nations
  • Stagnation of economic development amongst nations
  • Uneven distribution of wealth amongst nations
  • Balanced economic growth amongst nations

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 1 mark

Which of the following is the main purpose of a trade barrier in global trade? Choose the correct option.

  • To promote the growth of foreign companies in a country
  • To control the production of domestic industries
  • To regulate foreign trade into the country
  • To stop foreign trade between countries

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/5/1 · 3 marks

Advancement in technology has stimulated the globalization process. Justify the statement with suitable arguments.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/1 · 1 mark

Two statements I and II are given below. Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option: Statement I: Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor to stimulate the globalisation process. Statement II: This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

  • Both statements I and II are correct and statement II is the correct explanation of statement I.
  • Both statements I and II are correct, but statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I.
  • Statement I is correct, but statement II is incorrect.
  • Statement I is incorrect, but statement II is correct.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/1 · 2 marks

How did the process of liberalisation initiated in India in the 1990s, promote globalisation? Explain.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/2 · 2 marks

How did the process of liberalisation initiated in India in the 1990s, promote globalisation ? Explain.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/1/3 · 2 marks

How did improvement in transportation technology stimulate the globalisation process? Explain.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/1 · 1 mark

Which one of the following organisations has its headquarter in Brussels?

  • United Nations Organisation
  • European Union
  • Non-Alignment Movement
  • South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/1 · 1 mark

Two statements I and II are given below. Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option: Statement I: Information and communication technology stimulate the process of globalisation. Statement II: It is used to contact each other, receive information instantly and communicate with remote areas.

  • Both statements I and II are correct and statement II is the correct explanation of statement I.
  • Both statements I and II are correct, but statement II is not the correct explanation of statement I.
  • Statement I is correct, but statement II is incorrect.
  • Statement I is incorrect, but statement II is correct.

CBSE 2025 · Set 31/2/2 · 2 marks

[Question text not clearly visible - appears to be about trade between countries]

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Class 10 Social Science Previous Year Questions, Chapter-wise

All 805 CBSE board questions from 2022–2026, sorted by chapter and question type. Free PDF download.

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