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The Proposal

NCERT Class 10 · English Based on NCERT Class 10 English textbook · Free CBSE study kit

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Chapter Notes

Overview
This chapter is a one-act farcical play by Anton Chekhov, originally titled 'A Marriage Proposal.' It satirizes the tendency of wealthy Russian landowners to prioritize economic gain and property disputes over genuine human emotions, even in matters of marriage. The play revolves around Ivan Lomov's proposal to Natalya Chubukov, which is repeatedly derailed by absurd quarrels over land and dogs. The one big idea a student must walk away with is that Chekhov uses humour and exaggeration to expose how greed, pride, and trivial arguments can undermine relationships and social harmony.
Key Concepts (12)
Farce
A type of comedy that uses exaggerated, improbable situations, physical humour, and absurd misunderstandings to entertain the audience.
e.g. In 'The Proposal,' Lomov and Natalya argue so heatedly about Oxen Meadows and dogs that they forget the purpose of Lomov's visit — to propose marriage.
One-act play
A play that consists of only one act, with no intermission, and focuses on a single incident or conflict.
e.g. 'The Proposal' is a one-act play because the entire action — from Lomov's arrival to the final quarrel — happens in one continuous scene in Chubukov's drawing-room.
Oxen Meadows
A piece of land that is the subject of a dispute between the Lomov and Chubukov families; Lomov claims his aunt's grandmother gave it to Chubukov's grandfather's peasants for free use, while Natalya insists it has been in her family for nearly three hundred years.
e.g. Lomov says, 'Oxen Meadows, it's true, were once the subject of dispute, but now everybody knows that they are mine.' Natalya retorts, 'We've had the land for nearly three hundred years, and then we're suddenly told that it isn't ours!'
Palpitations
Irregular or rapid beating of the heart, often caused by anxiety or excitement; Lomov repeatedly suffers from this condition during the play.
e.g. Lomov says, 'I suffer from palpitations, I'm excitable and always getting awfully upset; at this very moment my lips are trembling, and there's a twitch in my right eyebrow.'
Overshot
A condition in a dog where the lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw, which is considered a defect in hunting dogs.
e.g. Lomov accuses Chubukov's dog Squeezer of being overshot: 'I assure you that his lower jaw is shorter than the upper.'
Intriguer
A person who engages in secret or underhanded schemes to achieve their goals; both Lomov and Chubukov hurl this insult at each other.
e.g. Chubukov calls Lomov 'a malicious, doublefaced intriguer,' and later Lomov retorts, 'You're an intriguer!'
Proposal
In the context of this play, it refers to the act of asking someone's hand in marriage.
e.g. Lomov comes to Chubukov's house to 'ask the hand of your daughter, Natalya Stepanovna, in marriage.'
Dessiatins
A Russian unit of land area, roughly equivalent to 1.09 hectares or 2.7 acres.
e.g. Natalya says of Oxen Meadows, 'They only come to five dessiatins, and are worth perhaps 300 roubles.'
Neglige
A woman's loose, informal dressing gown or robe, worn at home.
e.g. Natalya apologizes for her appearance: 'You must excuse my apron and neglige. We're shelling peas for drying.'
Threshing-machine
A farm machine used to separate grain from stalks and husks; mentioned as an example of neighbourly help.
e.g. Natalya complains, 'Last year we lent you our threshing-machine, although on that account we had to put off our own threshing till November.'
Petty issues
Trivial or unimportant matters that cause unnecessary conflict; the central theme of the play.
e.g. The characters quarrel over Oxen Meadows (a small piece of land) and which dog is better (Guess vs. Squeezer), completely forgetting the marriage proposal.
Economic sense
The practical financial reasoning behind decisions, such as marriage for property consolidation.
e.g. The play is about 'the tendency of wealthy families to seek ties with other wealthy families, to increase their estates by encouraging marriages that make good economic sense.'
How It Works
The Sequence of Events in the Play
  1. Step 1: Lomov arrives at Chubukov's house in formal evening dress, causing Chubukov to suspect he has come to borrow money.
  2. Step 2: Lomov nervously reveals he has come to propose marriage to Natalya; Chubukov joyfully accepts and goes to fetch her.
  3. Step 3: Lomov, alone, expresses his anxiety about marriage and his health issues (palpitations, twitching, insomnia).
  4. Step 4: Natalya enters and, after initial pleasantries, Lomov begins to explain his proposal but mentions Oxen Meadows.
  5. Step 5: Natalya interrupts, claiming Oxen Meadows belong to her family, and a heated argument erupts over land ownership.
  6. Step 6: Chubukov returns and joins the argument, siding with Natalya; the quarrel escalates into personal insults about each other's families.
  7. Step 7: Lomov, overwhelmed, staggers out, clutching his heart; Chubukov and Natalya continue abusing him.
  8. Step 8: Chubukov reveals that Lomov had come to propose; Natalya, realizing her mistake, hysterically demands he be brought back.
  9. Step 9: Lomov returns, exhausted; Natalya apologizes and agrees the Meadows are his, then shifts the topic to hunting dogs.
  10. Step 10: A second argument erupts over whose dog (Guess or Squeezer) is better, leading to more insults and Lomov fainting.
  11. Step 11: Chubukov, in desperation, forces Lomov and Natalya to kiss and agree to marry, but they immediately resume arguing about the dogs.
  12. Step 12: The play ends with Chubukov shouting for champagne while the couple continues quarrelling.
💡 Students often forget that the proposal is actually accepted twice — once by Chubukov and once by Natalya — but the quarrels keep overshadowing it. The final line shows the cycle of argument continuing even after the marriage is agreed upon.
Chekhov's Use of Dramatic Irony and Humour
  1. Step 1: The audience knows Lomov's purpose (proposal) before Natalya does, creating dramatic irony when she argues about land.
  2. Step 2: The characters' exaggerated reactions to trivial matters (a few dessiatins of land, a dog's jaw) create humour through absurdity.
  3. Step 3: The rapid shifts from anger to reconciliation and back to anger highlight the farcical nature of the play.
  4. Step 4: The physical comedy (Lomov clutching his heart, fainting, Chubukov drinking water) adds to the humour.
💡 The humour is not just for entertainment — it criticizes the materialism and pettiness of the landed gentry. Students should note that Chekhov uses laughter to expose social flaws.
Exam Traps — Don't Make These Mistakes
⚠ Confusing the Two Quarrels
✗ Students often write that the only quarrel in the play is about Oxen Meadows.
→ There are two distinct quarrels: first about Oxen Meadows (land ownership), and second about the dogs (Guess vs. Squeezer). Both are equally important to the plot and character development.
✓ The play features two major quarrels: the first over the ownership of Oxen Meadows, and the second over the superiority of their respective dogs, Guess and Squeezer.
⚠ Misinterpreting Chubukov's Sincerity
✗ Students often claim Chubukov is genuinely happy and sincere when he welcomes Lomov and says he loves him like a son.
→ Chubukov's initial aside — 'He's come to borrow money. Shan't give him any!' — reveals his suspicion and insincerity. His later effusive welcome is exaggerated and self-serving, driven by the economic benefit of the match.
✓ Chubukov is not entirely sincere. His initial suspicion that Lomov has come to borrow money shows his materialistic nature. His later declaration of love is exaggerated and motivated by the prospect of a financially advantageous marriage for his daughter.
⚠ Forgetting the Role of the 'Proposal' Itself
✗ Some students write that the proposal never happens because of the quarrels.
→ The proposal does happen — twice. First, Lomov verbally asks Chubukov for Natalya's hand, and Chubukov accepts. Later, after Lomov returns, Chubukov forces them to kiss and declares them engaged. The quarrels delay but do not prevent the proposal.
✓ The proposal is made and accepted. Lomov asks Chubukov for Natalya's hand, and Chubukov agrees. Later, after the quarrels, Chubukov declares them engaged and they kiss. However, the quarrels continue even after the engagement.
⚠ Ignoring the Social Commentary
✗ Students often describe the play as just a funny story about two people arguing.
→ Chekhov uses the farce to critique the Russian landed gentry's obsession with property, status, and economic gain, which overrides genuine human emotions like love and respect.
✓ The play is a social satire. Chekhov exposes the materialism and pettiness of the wealthy landowning class, who prioritize land and dogs over love and marriage. The constant quarrelling highlights how economic self-interest corrupts human relationships.
⚠ Misunderstanding the Character of Natalya
✗ Students sometimes say Natalya is a passive, obedient daughter who only follows her father's wishes.
→ Natalya is assertive, quarrelsome, and stubborn. She argues fiercely with Lomov about the Meadows and the dogs, and she even shouts at her father. She is not passive at all.
✓ Natalya is a strong-willed and argumentative character. She actively participates in both quarrels, insists on her ownership of the Meadows, and refuses to back down about the dogs. She is not a passive daughter but a match for Lomov in temper.
⚠ Overlooking the Significance of Lomov's Health Issues
✗ Students often ignore Lomov's palpitations and twitching as mere comic relief.
→ Lomov's health problems — palpitations, twitching, insomnia, numbness — are central to his character and the play's humour. They reflect his anxiety and nervousness about marriage and confrontation, and they are used by Chekhov to heighten the farcical effect.
✓ Lomov's constant complaints about palpitations, twitching eyebrows, and numbness are not just comic devices. They reveal his extreme anxiety and physical reaction to stress, which contrasts with his aggressive behaviour during arguments, adding to the absurdity of the situation.
Compare & Contrast
Nature of the subject of quarrel
Oxen Meadows Dispute
Dog (Guess vs. Squeezer) Dispute
The Oxen Meadows dispute is about land ownership and property rights, reflecting economic and historical claims. The dog dispute is about the quality and pedigree of hunting dogs, reflecting personal pride and competitiveness. Both are trivial but the land dispute has a veneer of legal seriousness, while the dog dispute is purely about vanity.
Behaviour during arguments
Lomov's Character
Natalya's Character
Lomov is physically and emotionally affected by arguments — he experiences palpitations, twitching, and faints. Natalya remains physically unaffected but becomes verbally aggressive and refuses to back down. Lomov is more anxious and nervous, while Natalya is more stubborn and confrontational.
Exam Focus
Marks pattern: This chapter typically appears in board exams as: 2-3 MCQs (1 mark each), 1 short answer question (2-3 marks) on character or theme, and 1 long answer question (5 marks) on plot summary, humour, or social commentary. Total: approximately 8-10 marks.
Most asked: Character sketches of Lomov, Natalya, and Chubukov · The theme of materialism and marriage in the play · The use of humour and farce in 'The Proposal' · The significance of the two quarrels (Oxen Meadows and dogs) · Why the play is called a farce
Don't skip: Long answer questions (5 marks) on the theme of materialism and marriage, or on Chekhov's use of humour and farce.; Short answer questions (3 marks) on character analysis of Lomov or Natalya.
One-Line Revision (read aloud before the exam)
  1. 'The Proposal' is a one-act farce by Anton Chekhov that satirizes the materialism of the Russian landed gentry.
  2. The play is about Ivan Lomov's proposal to Natalya Chubukov, which is repeatedly interrupted by quarrels over Oxen Meadows and dogs.
  3. Oxen Meadows are a small piece of land that both Lomov and Natalya claim as their own, leading to the first major quarrel.
  4. The second quarrel is about whose dog is better: Lomov's Guess or Chubukov's Squeezer.
  5. Lomov suffers from palpitations, twitching eyebrows, and insomnia, which worsen during arguments.
  6. Chubukov initially suspects Lomov has come to borrow money, revealing his materialistic nature.
  7. Natalya is a strong-willed, argumentative woman who refuses to back down in disputes.
  8. The play uses dramatic irony — the audience knows Lomov's purpose before Natalya does.
  9. The characters hurl insults at each other, calling each other 'intriguer,' 'grabber,' 'old rat,' and 'Jesuit.'
  10. Despite the quarrels, the proposal is accepted, and the play ends with the couple still arguing.
  11. Chekhov uses farce to criticize how economic self-interest overrides genuine human emotions.
  12. The play is set in a drawing-room in Chubukov's house, with all action taking place in one continuous scene.
  13. Lomov is 35 years old and feels he must marry to lead a 'quiet and regular life.'
  14. Natalya is 25 years old and is described by her father as 'like a lovesick cat' in love with Lomov.
  15. The title 'The Proposal' is ironic because the proposal is almost forgotten amidst the quarrelling.

MCQs — 10 Questions with Answers

Q1. Why does Chubukov initially misinterpret Lomov's visit?

  • A. He thinks Lomov is a merchant selling goods
  • B. He thinks Lomov has come to borrow money ✓
  • C. He thinks Lomov is a servant from another house
  • D. He thinks Lomov is coming for a business deal

Answer: B — Chubukov says aside, 'He's come to borrow money. Shan't give him any!' showing his assumption before the actual proposal.

Q2. What does Lomov's formal attire (evening dress and white gloves) primarily indicate?

  • A. He is going to a New Year's Eve party
  • B. He wants to impress Chubukov with his wealth
  • C. He is showing respect for the importance of his proposal ✓
  • D. He is uncomfortable visiting during daytime hours

Answer: C — Chubukov's comment about New Year's Eve dress and Lomov's formal manner together suggest dressing up signifies the serious nature of marriage proposal.

Q3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for Lomov wanting to marry?

  • A. He is 35 years old, a critical age
  • B. He needs to lead a quiet, regular life
  • C. He is deeply in love with Natalya ✓
  • D. His health condition makes marriage necessary for him

Answer: C — Lomov never mentions love for Natalya; he focuses on age, health issues, and practical life reasons—revealing the marriage is economically, not romantically, motivated.

Q4. What does Lomov's soliloquy reveal about his emotional state?

  • A. He is calm and confident about the proposal
  • B. He is anxious, nervous, and physically affected by stress ✓
  • C. He is excited and looking forward to married life
  • D. He is indifferent and merely fulfilling a duty

Answer: B — Lomov describes trembling, noise in ears, palpitations, and sleep disturbances—all physical manifestations of his anxiety and nervousness.

Q5. What is the primary satirical target of the play 'The Proposal'?

  • A. Young women's lack of education
  • B. The tendency of wealthy families to marry for economic gain rather than love ✓
  • C. Russian marriage customs and traditions
  • D. The poor health of elderly landowners

Answer: B — The play intro explicitly states it is about 'wealthy families seeking ties with other wealthy families to increase estates by encouraging marriages that make good economic sense.'

Q6. How does Chubukov's immediate acceptance of the proposal (before consulting Natalya) show?

  • A. His trust in Lomov as a longtime neighbor
  • B. His excitement about the economic advantages of the union ✓
  • C. His daughter's confirmed love for Lomov
  • D. His relief at being free from family responsibilities

Answer: B — Chubukov embraces the proposal instantly and mentions Natalya's love only casually, suggesting economic compatibility is his primary concern.

Q7. What does Natalya's apron and work with peas indicate about her character?

  • A. She is lazy and avoids household responsibilities
  • B. She is a practical, hardworking homekeeper ✓
  • C. She is deliberately trying to appear uninterested in visitors
  • D. She is poor and cannot afford servants

Answer: B — Natalya's apron and active engagement in domestic work (shelling peas) demonstrate her practical homemaking skills, which Lomov values in his reasons to marry.

Q8. The phrase 'As if you're paying a New Year's Eve visit!' is used by Chubukov to indicate—

  • A. That it is actually New Year's Eve
  • B. That Lomov's formal dress is unusual and excessive for a regular visit ✓
  • C. That Lomov visits only on special occasions
  • D. That Chubukov does not want formal visits in his house

Answer: B — Chubukov uses this comparison to express surprise at Lomov's unusually formal attire, implying such dress is only appropriate for major celebrations.

Q9. What can be inferred about Lomov's statement, 'If I give myself time to think, I'll never get married'?

  • A. He is impulsive and hasty in all decisions
  • B. He knows marriage based on practical sense rather than love requires quick action ✓
  • C. He is afraid of overthinking and losing confidence
  • D. He believes women change their minds easily

Answer: B — This reveals that Lomov must act quickly and decisively before his doubts about a loveless, practical marriage overwhelm him.

Q10. The genre classification of 'The Proposal' as a 'farce' is most appropriate because—

  • A. It involves serious themes of marriage and family
  • B. It uses formal Russian customs and etiquette
  • C. It creates humor from exaggerated situations and character absurdities despite serious intent ✓
  • D. It is a one-act play written in the 19th century

Answer: C — A farce emphasizes ridiculous situations and comic misunderstandings; here, the formal proposal setup is contradicted by Lomov's anxiety and characters' quarrelsome nature.

Flashcards

What is the main reason Ivan Lomov comes to Chubukov's house?

He comes to ask for the hand of Natalya Stepanovna in marriage.

Why is Lomov wearing formal evening dress and white gloves?

He is dressed formally because he is making an important marriage proposal and wants to show respect.

What does Chubukov initially assume about Lomov's visit?

Chubukov assumes that Lomov has come to borrow money from him.

How does Chubukov react when he hears the proposal?

He reacts joyfully, embraces Lomov, sheds a tear, and says he has always hoped for this marriage.

What does Lomov say about his age and why he needs to marry?

Lomov says he is 35 years old (a critical age) and must lead a quiet, regular life, so he needs to marry soon.

What health problems does Lomov mention in his soliloquy?

Lomov suffers from palpitations, excitability, trembling lips, twitching eyebrow, and severe sleep disturbances with shooting pains.

What does Natalya assume Lomov's profession is when she first sees him?

Natalya thinks her father said Lomov is a merchant who has come to collect goods.

What is the genre of 'The Proposal'?

It is a one-act farce (a comic play emphasizing ridiculous situations and misunderstandings) written by Anton Chekhov.

What does Natalya's apron and neglect of appearance suggest about her?

It suggests she was doing domestic work (shelling peas) and was not expecting visitors, showing her practical nature.

Why do you think Chekhov shows Lomov's anxiety before Natalya enters?

It reveals that despite the practical reasons for marrying, Lomov is nervous and emotionally affected by the proposal moment.

Important Board Questions

Why does Chubukov shed a tear when he hears Ivan Lomov's proposal? What does this reaction reveal about his character and values? [2 marks]

Focus on Chubukov's statement 'I've been hoping for it for a long time' and his immediate embrace of Lomov despite not consulting his daughter—this shows he values economic alliances and family wealth expansion over his daughter's personal feelings or choice.

Analyze Lomov's soliloquy (his private speech before Natalya enters) in terms of his actual reasons for proposing marriage. How does this speech contradict the romantic ideal of marriage? [3 marks]

Lomov mentions age (35), health problems (palpitations, sleep disturbances), and the need for 'quiet regular life'—never love or affection for Natalya. He values her as a 'housekeeper' and 'well-educated,' revealing the marriage is purely practical and economic, not romantic, thus satirizing wealth-driven marriages over genuine love.

The Proposal is titled a 'farce.' Explain how Chekhov uses the contrast between formal proposal ceremony and the personal anxieties/character flaws of the three characters to create comedy and social satire. What is he critiquing about wealthy Russian society? [5 marks]

Examine: (1) Lomov's nervous health anxieties contradict the formal proposal setup; (2) Chubukov's joy is based on economics, not daughter's happiness; (3) the 'quarrelsome nature' of all three mentioned in the introduction. Chekhov satirizes how wealthy families prioritize estates and economic gain over genuine relationships, love, and personal well-being, making the serious act of marriage absurd and ridiculous.

Assertion-Reason Questions for The Proposal

Q1. Assertion (A):

Ivan Lomov wears formal evening dress when visiting Chubukov's house to propose.

Reason (R):

He wears formal dress because he is attending a New Year's Eve party at Chubukov's house.

Answer: C — A is true but R is false — The assertion is true—Lomov explicitly enters 'wearing a dress-jacket and white gloves,' which is formal dress. However, the reason is false. Chubukov might suspect Lomov is going to a New Year's Eve visit based on his dress, but this is not why Lomov actually wore the dress. Lomov wore formal dress because he was making an important and formal proposal of marriage, not because of a party.

Q2. Assertion (A):

The play 'The Proposal' explores themes of economic motivation in marriage among wealthy families.

Reason (R):

Wealthy families seek marriages between their children to increase their estates and create economic ties.

Answer: A — Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A — Both the assertion and reason are true. The study material explicitly states that the play is 'about the tendency of wealthy families to seek ties with other wealthy families, to increase their estates by encouraging marriages that make good economic sense.' The reason correctly explains why this theme is present in the play—economic motivation is the driving force behind such marriages.

Q3. Assertion (A):

Russian weddings typically last for seven days.

Reason (R):

Some Russian weddings last as long as a week, which is why the standard duration is seven days.

Answer: D — A is false but R is true — Both the assertion and reason are false. The study material clearly states that 'A Russian wedding lasts for two days; some weddings last as long as a week.' Two days is the typical duration, not seven. While some weddings may last a week, this is not the standard, so the assertion is incorrect. The reasoning is also flawed because it confuses the exception (some lasting a week) with the rule (typical two-day duration).

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Case-Based Questions (CBQ) for The Proposal

Case Study:

Anita, a Class 10 student, is studying 'The Proposal' for her English board exam. She reads the opening section where Ivan Lomov arrives at Chubukov's house wearing formal evening dress with white gloves. Chubukov initially mistakes Lomov's formality as preparation for a New Year's Eve party and later suspects he has come to borrow money. When Lomov finally explains he has come to propose marriage to Natalya, Chubukov becomes extremely emotional, embracing him, shedding tears, and expressing joy. Anita realizes that the play uses dramatic irony through these misunderstandings. She also notes that Chekhov's farce genre relies on exaggerated emotions and misinterpretations to create humor.

Q1. What does Chubukov initially suspect is Lomov's true purpose for visiting?

  • A. To attend a wedding celebration
  • B. To propose marriage to Natalya
  • C. To borrow money ✓
  • D. To discuss farming matters

Answer: C

Q2. Which literary device is primarily demonstrated through Chubukov's mistaken assumptions about Lomov's visit?

  • A. Metaphor
  • B. Dramatic irony ✓
  • C. Alliteration
  • D. Personification

Answer: B

Q3. How does Chubukov's emotional reaction change once he learns the true purpose of Lomov's visit?

  • A. He becomes angry and refuses the proposal
  • B. He becomes joyful, embraces Lomov, and sheds tears ✓
  • C. He remains indifferent and unmoved
  • D. He asks Lomov to leave his house immediately

Answer: B

Q4. What genre technique is Chekhov using when he creates humor through exaggerated emotions and misunderstandings?

  • A. Realism
  • B. Tragedy
  • C. Farce ✓
  • D. Documentary drama

Answer: C

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Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for The Proposal

Real CBSE board exam questions from past papers — free to attempt.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/2/1 · 6 marks

Discuss how the play 'The Book that Saved the Earth' depicts how misunderstanding of cultural differences and lack of awareness about other races cause confusion and conflict.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/3/1 · 3 marks

Explain the contention of the families of Lomovs and Chubukov's over the ownership of Oxen Meadows.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/1/1 · 3 marks

What was Chubukov's reaction when he heard about Lomov's proposal for his daughter's hand?

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/2/1 · 3 marks

While arguing with Lomov, Natalya always emerged the winner. Justify.

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/1/1 · 3 marks

What was Chubukov's reaction when he discovered the actual purpose behind Lomov's visit?

CBSE 2026 · Set 31/2/1 · 3 marks

What reasons did Lomov put forward to assert his ownership of Oxen Meadows, despite facing strong opposition from Natalya and her father?

CBSE 2024 · Set 1_English_Communicative · 1 mark

Mrs. Jordan : much we loved him and refers to all his good qualities Mrs. Slater : Mrs. Jordan : through his bits of things and make a list of them. furniture in his room.

What does Mrs. Jordan want?

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/4/1 · 3 marks

Chubukov says, 'What a burden, Lord, to be the father of a grown-up daughter!' Explain what this line conveys about Chubukov as a father.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/4/2 · 3 marks

What argument do Lomov and Natalya give over the superiority of their dogs, Guess and Squeezer?

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/4/2 · 6 marks

A character arc is the transformation or development of a character throughout a story and refers to the changes a character undergoes as a result of his/her experiences, challenges and interactions with other characters. In the light of the above information, trace the character arc of Bholi in K.A. Abbas' Bholi.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/4/3 · 3 marks

Lomov and Natalya trade charges against each other about the ownership of Meadows. Explain.

CBSE 2024 · Set 31/5/1 · 3 marks

Comment on the characterisation of Natalya and Lomov in the play with reference to their characters and plot. (40-50 words)

See all 25 board PYQs for this chapter — open PYQ tab →

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